Consumer willingness to pay for a hypothetical Chikungunya vaccine in Brazil and the implications

Background: Chikungunya fever is an important infectious disease transmitted by the bite of Aedes genus mosquitoes infected with the Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV). Information about consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical vaccine against CHIKV can help discussions about prices and funding in countries with limited resources. Methods: Cross-sectional study among adult residents of Minas Gerais, Brazil, asking if they were willing to pay the price for a hypothetical chikungunya vaccine defined by the authors with an effective protection of 80% and the possibility of local and systemic side-effects. Residents were provided with information if not familiar with the virus. The price was randomly varied between participants in five values: US$11.69 (45.00BRL), US$23.38 (90.00BRL), US$46.75 (180.00BRL), US$93.51 (360.00BRL) and US$187.90 (720.00BRL). We included this aspect due to issues with any anchoring effect. Results: 496 individuals were interviewed. Among these, 23 were excluded. Most of the respondents were female (57.3$ 31.17 (120.00 BRL) for a unique dose vaccine. There was a statistical significant correlation with monthly family income and access to private health insurance. Conclusion: This study can contribute to decision-making about potential prices for a CHIKV vaccine when it becomes available in Brazil. We also showed the anchoring effect as a possible influence on consumers’ WTP in studies with similar techniques. Finally, we encourage the development of a chikungunya virus vaccine to benefit the Brazilian population

Utilização de serviços de saúde por população quilombola do Sudoeste da Bahia, Brasil

O uso de serviços de saúde vem aumentando no país, mas permanecem as desigualdades geográficas e sociais, especialmente entre os grupos minoritários. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso de serviços de saúde pela população quilombola de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brasil. Trata-se de inquérito de saúde transversal, realizado em 2011, com indivíduos quilombolas > 18 anos. A magnitude das associações entre variáveis explanatórias e o uso de serviços foi estimada pelas razões de prevalência obtidas por regressão de Poisson com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Dos 797 indivíduos entrevistados, 455 (57,1%) usaram algum serviço de saúde nos 12 meses anteriores às entrevistas. Verificou-se maiores prevalências de uso de serviços para os quilombolas do sexo feminino, com companheiros(as), que avaliaram sua saúde como regular, ruim ou muito ruim, cadastrados no Programa Saúde da Família e que fizeram referência a um serviço de saúde de uso regular. Os resultados apontaram subutilização de serviços de saúde pelos quilombolas, demonstrando a necessidade de melhorar a prestação de serviços de saúde a essa população

Consumer willingness to pay for dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV, Dengvaxia®) in Brazil : implication for future pricing considerations

Introduction and objective: Dengue virus is a serious global health problem with an estimated 3.97 billion people at risk for infection worldwide. In December 2015, the first vaccine (CYD-TDV) for dengue prevention was approved in Brazil, developed by Sanofi Pasteur. However, given that the vaccine will potentially be paid via the public health system, information is need regarding consumers’ willingness to pay for the dengue vaccine in the country as well as discussions related to the possible inclusion of this vaccine into the public health system. This was the objective of this research. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with residents of Greater Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, about their willingness to pay for the CYD-TDV vaccine. Results: 507 individuals were interviewed. These were mostly female (62.4%) had completed high school (62.17%), were working (74.4%), had private health insurance (64.5%) and did not have dengue (67.4%). The maximum median value of consumers’ willingness to pay for CYD-TDV vaccine is US$33.61 (120.00BRL) for the complete schedule and US$11.20 (40.00BRL) per dose. At the price determined by the Brazil's regulatory chamber of pharmaceutical products market (CMED) for the commercialization of Dengvaxia® for three doses, only 17% of the population expressed willingness to pay for this vaccine. Conclusion: Brazil is currently one of the largest markets for dengue vaccine and the price established is a key issue. We believe the manufacturer should asses the possibility of lower prices to reach a larger audience among the Brazilian population

Efetividade da terapia antirretroviral na era de medicamentos em dose fixa combinada

OBJETIVO : Avaliar a efetividade da terapia antirretroviral e fatores associados segundo o tipo de esquema utilizado: medicamento em dose fixa combinada ou múltiplos medicamentos e doses. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva não concorrente de 440 pacientes que iniciaram terapia antirretroviral entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2015 em Belo Horizonte, MG. A efetividade foi definida como supressão viral (carga viral [CV] < 50 cópias/ml) e avaliada após seis e 12 meses de tratamento. Dados sociodemográficos, clínicos e comportamentais foram coletados de prontuário clínico e de sistemas de informação. A análise múltipla da efetividade global foi realizada por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes iniciou terapia antirretroviral com múltiplos medicamentos e doses (58%). Aos seis meses, a supressão viral global foi 74,6%, maior entre pacientes que utilizaram dose fixa combinada (80,6%; p = 0,04). Aos 12 meses, 83,2% dos pacientes atingiram supressão viral, sem diferença entre os grupos (p = 0,93). Fatores independentemente associados à supressão viral em seis e 12 meses variaram, e foram negativamente associados à efetividade: CV ≥ 100.000 cópias/ml, sintomas definidores de aids, maior intervalo de tempo entre diagnóstico e início da terapia antirretroviral, troca de antirretroviral e consumo de tabaco ou drogas ilícitas (p < 0,05). Fatores positivamente associados à supressão viral incluíram adesão à terapia antirretroviral e categoria de risco/exposição de homens que fazem sexo com homens (p < 0,05). Atingir supressão viral aos seis meses foi o principal preditor de efetividade em um ano (OR = 8,96; p < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: A supressão viral foi elevada e superior para pacientes que utilizaram esquemas de dose fixa combinada aos seis meses. Fatores clínicos, comportamentais e relacionados à terapia antirretroviral influenciaram a supressão viral e evidenciam a necessidade de intervenções para aumentar o diagnóstico, o início precoce e a adesão dos pacientes à terapia antirretroviral, bem como reduzir o uso de drogas ilícitas e tabaco nesta população.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and the associated factors according to the type of regimen used: Single Tablet Regimen or Multiple Tablet Regimen. METHODS: Prospective cohort of 440 patients (male, 74.3%, median age, 36 years old) who initiated antiretroviral therapy between Jan/14 and Dec/15 at a referral service in Belo Horizonte. Efficacy was defined as viral suppression (viral load, VL < 50 copies/ml) and evaluated after six and twelve months of treatment. Sociodemographic, clinical and behavioral data were collected from clinical charts and from Information Systems. Multivariate analysis of overall effectiveness was performed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Most patients initiated Multiple Tablet Regimen antiretroviral therapy (n = 255, 58%). At six months, overall viral suppression was 74.6%, being higher among patients who used Single Tablet Regimen (80.6%, p = 0.04). At twelve months, 83.2% of patients reached viral suppression, with no difference between groups (p = 0.93). Factors independently associated with viral suppression at six and twelve months varied, being negatively associated with effectiveness: VL ≥ 100,000 copies/ml, symptoms of AIDS, longer interval time between diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, antiretroviral switching, smoking or current illicit drugs usage (p < 0.05). Factors positively associated with viral suppression included adherence to antiretroviral therapy and category of risk/exposure of men who have sex with men (p < 0.05). Reaching viral suppression at six months was the main predictor of effectiveness at one year (OR = 8.96 and p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Viral suppression was high and better results were achieved for patients who used Single Tablet Regimen regimens at six months. Clinical, behavioral, and antiretroviral therapy -related factors influence viral suppression and highlight the need for interventions to increase early diagnosis and initiation of antiretroviral therapy, patient’s adherence, and to reduce illicit drugs and cigarette smoking in this population

Consumer willingness to pay for a hypothetical Zika vaccine in Brazil and the implications

ABSTRACT : Background: Zika virus is a newly emerging infection, associated with increasingly large outbreaks especially in tropical countries such as Brazil. A future Zika vaccine can contribute to decreasing the number of cases and associated complications. Information about consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical Zika vaccine can help price setting discussions in the future in Brazil, starting with the private market. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among residents of Minas Gerais, Brazil, regarding their WTP for a hypothetical Zika Vaccine. The mean effective protection was 80%, with the possibility of some local and systemic side- effects. Results: 517 people were interviewed. However, 28 would not be vaccinated even if the vaccine was free. Most of the resultant interviewees (489) were female (58.2%), had completed high school (49.7%), were employed (71.2%), had private health insurance (52.7%), and did not have Zika (96.9%). The median individual maximum WTP for this hypothetical Zika vaccine (one dose) was US$31.34 (BRL100.00). Conclusion: Such discussions regarding WTP can contribute to decision-making about prices once a Zika vaccine becomes available in Brazil alongside other ongoing programs to control the virus

Health equity and the usage of atypical antipsychotics within the Brazilian national health system : findings and implications

Background: There is a need to evaluate the health equity of atypical antipsychotics users who obtain their medicines from the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) through the identification of key factors that influence their health status due to concerns with equity of care. Research design and methods: Cross-sectional study among patients attending state pharmacies in Brazil. Individuals were included if they used atypical antipsychotics, aged ≥18 years, and answered the EQ-5D-3 L questionnaire. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data were collected. The dependent variable was health status. Associations between the independent variables and the dependent variable were analyzed by adjusting a linear regression model. Results: Overall, 388 individuals met the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. The final multiple linear regression model demonstrated a statistically significant association between VAS and suicide attempts, private care, current antipsychotics, comorbidities, and perceived family support. Expert Commentary: The study identified several factors both individual and collective that correlate with the health status of atypical antipsychotic users and confirmed the importance of providing medicines for treating psychotic disorders. However, other factors are involved including social support. Our results suggest additional activities and policies are necessary including strategies to address the differences in private and public health care

Consumer willingness to pay for a hypothetical Zika vaccine in Brazil

Introduction: Zika virus is a newly emerging infection associated with increasingly large outbreaks especially in countries such as Brazil where an estimated 326,224 cases were confirmed between 2015 and 2018. Common symptoms associated with Zika include headache, conjunctivitis, fever, erythema, myalgia, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. However, the symptoms are usually self-limiting and last on average for 4 to 7 days, with patients typically not accessing the public healthcare system (SUS). In severe cases, symptoms include neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. A future Zika vaccine can contribute to decreasing the number of cases and associated complications. However, this has to be balanced against continuing costs to control this and other vector borne diseases. Consequently, information about consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical Zika vaccine can help with price setting discussions in Brazil starting with the private market before being considered within SUS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among residents in one of the main provinces of Brazil (Minas Gerais) regarding their WTP for a hypothetical Zika Vaccine with agreed characteristics. This included a mean effective protection of 80%, with the possibility of some local and systemic side-effects. The discussed price was US$56.41(180.00 BRL) per vaccination as this figure was utilized in a previous WTP study for a dengue vaccine. Results: 517 people were interviewed. However, 30 would not be vaccinated even if the vaccine was free. Most of the resultant interviewees (489) were female (58.2$31.34 (BRL100.00). Conclusion: WTP research can contribute to decision-making about possible prices alongside other economic criteria once a Zika vaccine becomes available in Brazil alongside other programmes to control the virus

Acceptability and willingness to pay for a hypothetical vaccine against SARS CoV-2 by the Brazilian consumer : a cross-sectional study and the implications

Introduction: The new coronavirus pandemic has appreciably impacted on morbidity and mortality as well as having appreciable economic impact worldwide. New vaccines are a potential way forward to reduce transmission rates and their subsequent impact. In Brazil vaccines are being distributed via the public sector. In the future, vaccines will be available in the private market. Information about consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical vaccine against SARS CoV-2 can help future price setting discussions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with consumers in the five regions of Brazil regarding the willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical vaccine against SARS CoV-2 with a 50% efficacy. Results: A total of 1402 individuals over 18 years of age who declared not having COVID-19 at the time of the survey were interviewed. The acceptability for this hypothetical vaccine was 80.7%. In addition, the amount of WTP by Brazilian consumers for a hypothetical SARS CoV-2 vaccine was estimated at US$ 22.18(120.00 BRL). Conclusion: This study can contribute to decision-making to inform potential pricing for a hypothetical SARS CoV-2 vaccine

Consumer willingness to pay for a hypothetical Chagas disease vaccine in Brazil : a cross-sectional study and the implications

Aim: Chagas disease is a serious public health problem, endemic in 21 countries in Latin America. A future vaccine can contribute to decreasing the number of cases and its complications. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with residents of the northern region of Brazil, on the willingness to pay for a hypothetical vaccine against Chagas disease (effective protection of 80%). Results: We interviewed 619 individuals and seven were excluded from the analysis and the value of willingness to pay was US$23.77 (100.00 BRL). Conclusion: The Northern region of Brazil is one of the largest markets for this vaccine, due to its epidemiological relevance, so economic studies with this vaccine will be important to assist in the assessment of technologies