Capsule, leaf and cyathial gland morphology of Turkish perennial taxa of euphorbia l. section pithyusa (raf.) lázaro

Macro and micromorphology of cyathial glands, capsules and cauline leaf surfaces of 13 perennial species of Euphorbia L. subg. Esula Pers. sect. Pithyusa (Raf.) Lázaro in Turkey were studied. Cyathial gland structure, based on cyathial gland shapes, colour and appendages was examined from live material by direct field observations and investigations. Cauline leaves and capsule surface features were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Capsule sizes, capsule shapes and capsule and cauline leaf surface ornamentations were also studied. The capsule shape was found to vary from subglobose to conical. In most species, cyathial gland colour ranged from greenish-yellow to yellowish-green but some species were distinguished by their reddish or purplish cyathial glands. Although the number of cyathial glands in all species was four, five cyathial glands were determined to exist in some specimens of E. pestalozzae Boiss. Three different cyathial gland shapes (elliptic, trapezoid-elliptic or elliptic-reniform) were observed. Capsule surface of more than half of the studied species (7 taxa) is covered with nipple-like projections (papillate-mammillate) and the rest are covered with tiny rounded or hillock-like ornamentation (colliculate). The cauline leaf surface is papillate-mammillate in the majority of the studied species, although, colliculate surface is also observed in two species (E. seguieriana Necker and E. thessala (Form.) Degen & Dörf.). In conlusion, macro and micromorphological structures of cyathial gland and capsule of Euphorbia sect. Pithyusa taxa appeared to be useful diagnostic characters for species identifications.Bu çalışma Euphorbia L. subg. Esula Pers. sect. Pithyusa (Raf.) Lázaro çok yıllık türlerinin siatyum gland şekilleri, kapsula ve gövde yaprak yüzey mikromorfolojilerine dayanmaktadır. Siatyum gland yapılarının incelenmesi doğrudan arazi çalışmaları sırasında canlı örnekler üzerinden yapılmıştır. Gövde yaprağı ve kapsulanın yüzey özellikleri taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelenmiştir. Ayrıca kapsula boyutu, kapsula şekli, kapsula ve gövde yaprak yüzey özellikleri de incelenmiştir. Çalışılan türlerin kapsula şekilleri hemen hemen küresel’den koniğe değişir. Araştırılan türlerden çoğunun gland rengi parlak sarı-yeşil veya yeşilimsi sarıdır. Bazı türlerde ise glandlar kırmızı veya mor renkli olabilir. Tüm türlerde gland sayıları E. pestalozzae Boiss. haricinde dörttür. Bu türün bazı bireylerinin 5 glandlı olduğu saptanmıştır. Üç farklı gland şekli (eliptik, trapezoid-eliptik veya böbreksi) gözlenmiştir. kapsula yüzeyleri, incelenen türlerin yarısından fazlasında (7 takson) meme başı benzeri çıkıntılarla (papillat-mammillat) kaplı iken, diğer türlerde küçük yuvarlak veya tepecik benzeri yükseltilerle (kollikulat) kaplıdır. İncelenen türlerin çoğunluğunda gövde yaprak yüzeyleri papillat-mammillattır. Kollikulat yüzeyler de iki türde görülmüştür (E. seguieriana Necker ve E. thessala (Form.) Degen & Dörf.) Sonuç olarak, Euphorbia sect. Pithyusa türlerine ait gland ve kapsula morfolojik özelliklerinin türlerin ayrımında ayırt edici karakterler olarak kullanılabileceği gösterilmiştir

Anticholinesterase and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils of Naturally Grown Daucus L. Species in Turkey

Objective:This present study was conducted to determine the interspecific chemical variability and evaluate the biological effects of the essential oils of Daucus L. species growing naturally in Turkey. The species were D. carota, D. broteri, D. guttatus, D. littoralis, D. involucratus and D. conchitae (endemic).Methods:The essential oils were obtained from fruit samples by distillation method and were analyzed both by GC-FID and GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory and anticholinesterase effects of the essential oils were investigated. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by in vitro LOX enzyme inhibition activity. The anticholinesterase effect was tested on AChE and BChE enzymes.Results:The components, ratios, and yields of D. carota essential oils differed depending on the locations where the samples were collected. The main components were detected as carotol (1-74.6%), β-bisabolen (0.9-62.4%), 11αH-himachal-4-en-1β-ol (0.3-49.4%), trans-methylisoeugenol (1-45.7%). The main volatile compounds were found in D. broteri, D. guttatus, D. involucratus, D. littoralis, D. conchitae as β-sinensal (30.4%), methyleugenol (30.5%), methyleugenol (40.9%), α-humulene (29.4%), methyleugenol (29.6%) respectively. The essential oils didn’t exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Two essential oil samples of D. carota showed high anticholinesterase effects compared to the standard. The AChE IC50 was calculated as 6.04±0.30 μg/mL, 2.15±0.10 μg/mL (Galantamine IC50 1.13±0.02 μg/mL) and BChE IC50 11.32±0.20 μg/mL, 31.03±0.02 μg/mL (Galantamine IC50 12.15±0.36 μg/mL). These essential oils contained high levels of 11αH-himachal-4-en-1β-ol (25.04%, 49.42%).Conclusion:Because of their anticholinesterase potential, some D. carote essential oils can be evaluated in the preparation of pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products as a complementary therapy for Alzheimer’s disease by standardizing their components