5 research outputs found
Using formative research to develop the healthy eating component of the CHANGE! school-based curriculum intervention
Background: Childhood obesity is a significant public health concern. Many intervention studies have attempted
to combat childhood obesity, often in the absence of formative or preparatory work. This study describes the
healthy eating component of the formative phase of the Childrenâs Health Activity and Nutrition: Get Educated!
(CHANGE!) project. The aim of the present study was to gather qualitative focus group and interview data
regarding healthy eating particularly in relation to enabling and influencing factors, barriers and knowledge in
children and adults (parents and teachers) from schools within the CHANGE! programme to provide populationspecific
evidence to inform the subsequent intervention design.
Methods: Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with children, parents and teachers across 11
primary schools in the Wigan borough of North West England. Sixty children (N = 24 boys), 33 parents (N = 4 male)
and 10 teachers (N = 4 male) participated in the study. Interview questions were structured around the PRECEDE
phases of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the pen-profiling
technique.
Results: The pen-profiles revealed that childrenâs knowledge of healthy eating was generally good, specifically
many children were aware that fruit and vegetable consumption was âhealthyâ (N = 46). Adultsâ knowledge was also
good, including restricting fatty foods, promoting fruit and vegetable intake, and maintaining a balanced diet. The
important role parents play in childrenâs eating behaviours and food intake was evident. The emerging themes
relating to barriers to healthy eating showed that external drivers such as advertising, the preferred sensory
experience of âunhealthyâ foods, and food being used as a reward may play a role in preventing healthy eating.
Conclusions: Data suggest that; knowledge related to diet composition was not a barrier per se to healthy eating,
and education showing how to translate knowledge into behavior or action is required. The key themes that
emerged through the focus groups and pen-profiling data analysis technique will be used to inform and tailor the
healthy eating component of the CHANGE! intervention study.
Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN03863885
Keywords: Nutrition, Childhood obesity, Pen-profiles, Health, School
Manipulation of systemic oxygen flux by acute exercise and normobaric hypoxia: implications for reactive oxygen species generation
Maximal exercise in normoxia results in oxidative stress due to an increase in free radical production. However, the effect of a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise performed in either relative or absolute normobaric hypoxia on free radical production and lipid peroxidation remains unknown. To examine this, we randomly matched {according to their normobaric normoxic O2peak [peak O2 (oxygen uptake)]} and assigned 30 male subjects to a normoxia (n=10), a hypoxia relative (n=10) or a hypoxia absolute (n=10) group. Each group was required to exercise on a cycle ergometer at 55% of O2peak for 2 h double-blinded to either a normoxic or hypoxic condition [FiO2 (inspired fraction of O2)=0.21 and 0.16 respectively]. ESR (electron spin resonance) spectroscopy in conjunction with ex vivo spin trapping was utilized for the direct detection of free radical species. The main findings show that moderate intensity exercise increased plasma-volume-corrected free radical and lipid hydroperoxide concentration (pooled rest compared with exercise data, P0.05). The delta change in free radical concentration was moderately correlated with systemic O2 (r2=0.48, P0.05). We conclude that a single bout of moderate aerobic exercise increases secondary free radical species. There is also evidence of exercise-induced muscle damage, possibly caused by the increase in free radical generation