Oil stocks as trust investments

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The development of digital dentistry in the UK: An overview.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the benefits which digital technology offers to all aspects of dental practice and education. This paper provides an overview of how digital technology has enhanced clinical and administrative procedures within dental practice, including computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM), digital radiography, 3D printing, patient records, electronic patient referrals and electronic communications from dental practices. It then considers the development of teledentistry (mHealth) and its benefits in enabling distant consultations with patients, who for one reason or another are unable to visit dental practices easily. It then goes on to consider how and why digital dental distance learning materials were provided to general dental practitioners in England by the Department of Health (DoH) (England) and how they evolved. Finally, this paper considers the use of digital technology in dental education by dental schools

Interventions to increase use of services; Mental Health Awareness in Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Mental health services in Nigeria consist mainly of large government psychiatric hospitals and there are very few mental health professionals to serve the large population of the country. However, more recently, community mental health services, which have been shown to improve access to care and clinical outcomes are beginning to develop in some locations. Despite efforts to promote more accessible services, low levels of knowledge about effective treatment of mental disorders means that even where these services are available, a very small proportion of people utilise these services. Therefore interventions to increase service use are an essential component of health system. METHODS: This intervention was designed to increase use of a mental health services through the work of community-based Village Health Workers. Fifteen Village Health Workers in each Local Government Area (district) were selected and trained to create mental health awareness in communities. Their function also include identification and referral of persons with mental illness to trained mental health nurses in the clinics. Attendance data prior to and after intervention were collected and compared. RESULTS: The incident rate for initial period of intervention is five times higher than the baseline rate (95% CI; 3.42-7.56; p < 0.001) though this diminished in the long term, levelling off above initial baseline. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that addition of awareness raising using volunteers in communities as part of health programme implementation can increase services use by a population. Mechanisms such as informing populations of the existence of a service which they were previously lacking; explanation of causation of mental illness and achieving community leaders' support for a new service can make investment in services more efficient by increasing attendance

European Federation of Periodontology Survey of Postgraduate and Specialist Training in Europe in 2020:Periodontal specialist training in Europe

AIMS: The survey's aim was to establish which universities and other educational organisations deliver postgraduate and specialist training in Periodontology in the 31 countries who are members of the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP) and to obtain details of how these programmes are organised, funded, regulated and evaluated. METHODS: A questionnaire and covering letter were emailed to all national periodontal societies. The questions were on the name of country, official recognition, training programmes, entry to specialist training, specialist training assessment and recognition after completion of training. RESULTS: Twenty‐nine (93%) of national periodontal societies responded. Key findings included the following: Periodontology was reported as being recognised at a national level in 17 countries, there was a three‐year full‐time programme in 12 countries, no fees were charged for specialist training in 10 countries, in 14 countries trainees received annual salaries, end of training (summative) assessments varied from country to country, 12 countries reported that they had a requirement for specialists in Periodontology to complete continuing education to maintain registration as specialists. CONCLUSIONS: This survey has established which universities and other educational organisations deliver postgraduate and specialist training in Periodontology and how these programmes are organised, funded, regulated and evaluated. To provide uniformly high‐quality periodontal care for patients in all European countries, further harmonisation of postgraduate and specialty training in Periodontology would be advantageous

Proceedings of a workshop, held in Constanta, Romania on 22 May 2014, on Oral Health of Children in the Central and Eastern European Countries in the context of the current economic crisis

This report presents the proceedings of a workshop held in Constanta, Romania on 22 May 2014. During the workshop, representatives from 18 Central and Eastern European countries gave oral presentations on the current oral health of children and young adults aged 16 years and younger. The aim of the workshop was to collect and present data relating to the oral health of children from Central and Eastern European countries and to discuss them in the context of the political changes that have taken place over the last two decades and the recent economic crisis. The presenters had previously completed a series of questions on oral epidemiological studies, prevention of oral disease, treatment and payment, dental personnel, uptake of oral health care and other considerations and structured their presentations on these topics plus the influence of the economic crisis on oral health. It should be remembered that this paper is a report of the proceedings of a workshop and not a study. Ethics approval is not required for workshops. After the 18 oral presentations a 90 min discussion took place during which further points were raised. The presentations, the discussion and the conclusions which were reached are reported in this manuscript

A Simple Way to Incorporate Novelty Detection in World Models

Reinforcement learning (RL) using world models has found significant recent successes. However, when a sudden change to world mechanics or properties occurs then agent performance and reliability can dramatically decline. We refer to the sudden change in visual properties or state transitions as {\em novelties}. Implementing novelty detection within generated world model frameworks is a crucial task for protecting the agent when deployed. In this paper, we propose straightforward bounding approaches to incorporate novelty detection into world model RL agents, by utilizing the misalignment of the world model's hallucinated states and the true observed states as an anomaly score. We first provide an ontology of novelty detection relevant to sequential decision making, then we provide effective approaches to detecting novelties in a distribution of transitions learned by an agent in a world model. Finally, we show the advantage of our work in a novel environment compared to traditional machine learning novelty detection methods as well as currently accepted RL focused novelty detection algorithms

Motivation to Follow a Career in Dentistry of Students in Three South-East European Countries

Uvod: Željelo se istražiti i usporediti čimbenike koji su potaknuli studente na studij stomatologije uzemljama sličnog okružja (Albanija, Hrvatska i Republika Sjeverna Makedonija) i procijeniti je li se njihova motivacija tijekom godina promijenila ili ne.Materijal i metode: U 2014./2015. Godini provedenasu poprečno-presječna istraživanja (cross-sectional) na državnim stomatološkim fakultetima u Tirani(Albanija), Zagrebu (Hrvatska) i Skoplju (Makedonija) kako bi se procijenilo stajalište studenata o njihovoj motivaciji za karijeru. Dobrovoljno i anonimno sudjelovali su studenti stomatologije s prve, trećei završne godine. Upitnik s pet stavki preveden je na jezike zemalja sudionica. Etičko odobrenje daloje Etičko povjerenstvo Sveučilišta sveti Ćiril i Metod iz Skoplja. Chi kvadrat testom ispitano je postojeli statistički značajne razlike u odgovorima između studenata u trima državama i između godina studija.Rezultati: Ukupno je bilo uključeno 739 ispitanika (319 u Tirani, 211 u Zagrebu i 208 u Skoplju).Razlike u odgovorima studenata prve godine u svim trima zemljama bile su statistički značajne (χ2 = 82,65; p < 0,01). Najintrigantnije je bilo pitanje o pritisku roditelja da studiraju stomatologiju nakoje je najviše pozitivnih odgovora bilo u Tirani (čak 27,7 %). Pozitivna slika bio je najčešći odgovorzagrebačkih studenata (do 79,7 %), ali se smanjuje od prve do posljednje godine u Skoplju. Takođersu postojale značajne razlike između fakulteta unutar trećih i posljednjih godina studija.Zaključci: Pozitivna slika stomatološke profesije bila je glavni razlog za upis na svim trima fakultetima – tako jeodgovorilo čak 97 % studenata na završnoj godini u Hrvatskoj, članici Europske unije (EU). U dvjemadržavama koje nisu članice EU-a (Albanija, Sjeverna Makedonija) činilo se da stomatološka profesi-ja nema tako dobar status, a očekivanja studenata se ne ispunjavaju, posebno u Skoplju (čak 33,9 %spremno je promijeniti zvanje i njih do 64,5 % izgubilo je motivaciju za studij). Jedna od strategija zapoboljšanje stanja mogla bi biti uključivanje više kliničke prakse i bolja organizacija pojedinih studijaObjective: To investigate and compare the factors that motivated students to study dentistry in countries with similar background (Albania, Croatia and the Republic of Northern Macedonia) and to as-sess whether or not their motivation changed during time. Material and methods: In 2014/2015,cross-sectional studies were conducted in state funded dental schools in Tirana (Albania), Zagreb(Croatia) and Skopje (North Macedonia) to assess student views on their career motivation. All den-tal students from the first, third and final years of study were invited to participate. The participationwas voluntary and anonymous. A five-item questionnaire was translated into languages of the par-ticipating countries. Ethics approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University of SaintsCyril and Methodius, Skopje. The Chi square test was used to test if there were statistically significantdifferences in answers between students in 3 countries, furthermore between years of the study.Re-sults: The total number of respondents was 739 (319 in Tirana, 211 in Zagreb and 208 in Skopje) Thedifferences in the answers between the first-year students from all three countries were statistical-ly significant (χ2=82.65; p<.01). The most striking answer was to the question on parents’ pressureto study dentistry, which was far more frequent in Tirana (up to 27.7%). A “positive image” was themost frequent response from students from Zagreb (up to 79.7%), but it declined from the first to thefinal year in Skopje. There were also significant differences the schools within the 3rdand final years of study. Conclusions: A positive image of dental profession was the main reason for students studying dentistry at all three schools; as many as 97% of the students of the final year in Croa-tia, a member of the European Union (EU). In the two non-EU countries (Albania, North Macedonia) itseemed that dental profession does not have such good status and student expectations are not be-ing fulfilled, especially in Skopje (up to 33.9% willing to change their vocation and up to 64.5% losttheir motivation to study) One of the strategies to improve the situation could be to include more clinical practice and to better organize the study