Evaluation of swine diet formulation based on amino acid digestibility estimates

Três experimentos foram conduzidos para testar a hipótese de que dietas formuladas usando valores da digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos (DVAA) de ingredientes alternativos (IA) resultam em desempenho similar ao obtido com dietas à base de milho e farelo de soja (MFS). A DVAA foi obtida com os métodos ileal em suínos (I) e alimentação precisa em galos (AP). A dieta controle (C), com MFS forneceu a composição basal de aminoácidos para formular as dietas com IA. Dietas com níveis superiores de aminoácidos foram formuladas usando dados de digestibilidade ileal (DI) e alimentação precisa (DAP). Suínos alimentados com a dieta C tiveram ganhos diários médios (GDM) e consumo de alimentos diário médio (CADM) significativamente maiores (P<0,01) do que quando alimentados com as dietas DI ou DAP. Alimentando com dietas DI ou DAP resultou em maiores GDM e CADM, do que com dietas I e AP, respectivamente. A alimentação pareada das dietas C ou com IA produziu semelhante desempenho indicando que outro fator pode estar relacionado ao consumo. Conclui-se que a formulação de dietas com IA, com substituição total do farelo de soja, para níveis de aminoácidos digestíveis iguais ao de dietas com MFS, pode não proporcionar o mesmo desempenho dos suínos.Three experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that formulation of diets using true amino acid digestibility (TAAD) values for various alternative ingredients (AI) will result in similar performance to that achieved with a corn-soybean meal based diet. The TAAD values were obtained by swine ileal (I) and precision-fed (PF) rooster methods. A control corn-soy (C) diet provided the basal amino acid composition for use in the formulation of the AI diets. Additional diets with higher amino acid levels were prepared using ileal (ID) and precision-fed (DPF) digestibility data in formulation. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (ADFI) were significantly higher (P<0.01) when pigs were fed the C diet than when fed either the I or PF diets. Feeding diets ID and DPF resulted in higher   (P<0.01) ADG and ADFI than diet I and PF respectively. Pair feeding the C and AI diets produced same performance indicating that another factor may be related with intake of diets. It was concluded that formulation of diets using AI substituting soybean meal to levels of digestible amino acids equal to soybean meal-based diets may not give the same performance

Estimativas da digestibilidade ileal verdadeira do milho, farelo de soja e ingredientes alternativos para suínos

Nine crossbred barrows with an initial weight of 52.59±.57 kg were each surgically fitted with a T-cannula at the terminal ileum in order to measure the coefficients of true amino acid digestibilities (TAAD) of eight feedstuffs for subsequent use in testing the utility of amino acid digestibility values in diet formulation. The feed ingredients investigated were: corn, wheat bran (WB), two sources of soybean meal (SBM 1 and SBM 2), cottonseed meal (CSM), poultry by-product (PBP), and meat and bone meal (MBM 1 and MBM 2) from two origins. A nitrogen free diet (NFD) was used to estimate the endogenous losses of amino acids. The TAAD coefficients in corn and WB were significantly lower (P≤.01) than in the other sources except for lysine in CSM and threonine in MBM 1. True lysine digestibility coefficients for corn (59.9%) was in the range of values found in the literature. The SBM 1 and SBM 2 yielded similar (P≥.01) amino acid digestibility. The MBM 1 and MBM 2 despite visual differences in appearance were also similar (P≥.01). The obtained estimates are in the range of literature values and can be used to calculate diets based on the amino acid digestibility.Nove suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial de 52,59±0,57 kg, foram adaptados cirurgicamente com cânula-T no término do íleo, para medir os coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira (TAAD) de oito alimentos, e testar, posteriormente, os valores de digestibilidade de aminoácidos na formulação de dietas. Os ingredientes analisados foram: milho, farelo de trigo (WB), duas fontes de farelo de soja (SBM 1 e SBM 2), farelo de algodão (CSM), sub-produtos do abate de aves (PBP), e duas amostras de farinha de carne e ossos (MBM 1 e MBM 2). Uma dieta livre de nitrogênio (NFD) foi usada para estimar a perda endógena de aminoácidos. A TAAD no milho e WB foram significativamente menores (P0,01). As farinhas MBM 1 e MBM 2, apesar das diferenças visuais na aparência, apresentaram valores similares (P>0,01) entre si. As estimativas obtidas estão no intervalo da literatura podendo-se usá-las para o cálculo de dietas baseadas na digestibilidade dos aminoácidos

Estimativas da digestibilidade verdadeira de ingredientes de alimentos, obtida com galos cecotomizados em alimentação forçada

Twenty seven cecectomized mature Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels were used to estimate true amino acid digestibilities (TAAD) coefficients for eight feedstuffs for cecectomized roosters. The objective of this paper was to evaluate alternative feed ingredients TAAD coefficients using a standard precision fed (crop-intubation) methodology. The ingredients tested were corn, wheat bran (WB), two sources of soybean meal (SBM 1 and SBM 2), cottonseed meal (CSM), poultry by-product (PBP), and two samples of meat and bone meal (MBM 1 and MBM 2). A group of three roosters was fasted 24 hours prior to each assay to allow measurement of endogenous amino acid production. True lysine digestibility (TLD) in CSM (71.8%) was significantly lower (P 0.01) were found for TLD among the other ingredients. Means and standard error of means for TAAD were: corn 103.03±4.30, WB 90.35±2.26, SBM 1 93.13±1.55, SBM 2 92.99±2.39, CSM 81.16±4.67, PBP 86.23±2.14, MBM 1 86.20±2.49, MBM 2 85.98±2.26. In general the averages of the coefficients for TAAD of the ingredients used are in the range of the values reported in the literature and can be used to formulate diets based on amino acid digestibility.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos de oito ingredientes alternativos para alimentação de galos cecotomizados. Vinte e sete galos Leghorne de crista inteira foram usados para estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira dos aminoácidos (TAAD) de oito alimentos. A alimentação precisa (forçada) foi utilizada com objetivo de obter TAAD de ingredientes alternativos. Os ingredientes estudados foram milho, farelo de trigo (WB), duas fontes de farelo de soja (SBM 1 e SBM 2), farelo de algodão (CSM) e sub-produtos do abate de aves (PBP) e duas amostras de farinha de carne e ossos (MBM 1 e MBM 2). Um grupo de três galos cecotomizados foi submetido a jejum de 24 horas antes de cada ensaio para permitir a produção endógena de aminoácidos. A digestibilidade verdadeira da lisina (TLD) no CSM (71,8%) foi significativamente menor (P 0,01) para TLD entre os demais ingredientes. As médias e desvios padrões dos coeficientes de TAAD foram: milho 103,03±4,30, WB 90,35±2,26, SBM1 93,13±1,55, SBM2 92,99±2,39, CSM 81,16±4,67, PBP 86,23±2,14, MBM1 86,20±2,49, MBM2 85,98±2,26. Em geral as médias dos coeficientes de TAAD dos ingredientes testados estão no intervalo dos valores reportados na literatura e podem ser utilizados para formular dietas baseadas em aminoácidos digestíveis

British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017

Decisions about the use of psychotropic medication in pregnancy are an ongoing challenge for clinicians and women with mental health problems, owing to the uncertainties around risks of the illness itself to mother and fetus/infant, effectiveness of medications in pregnancy and risks to the fetus/infant from in utero exposure or via breast milk. These consensus guidelines aim to provide pragmatic advice regarding these issues. They are divided into sections on risks of untreated illness in pregnancy; general principles of using drugs in the perinatal period; benefits and harms associated with individual drugs; and recommendations for the management of specific disorders

Ethical, legal, and social issues in the Earth BioGenome Project.

The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) is an audacious endeavor to obtain whole-genome sequences of representatives from all eukaryotic species on Earth. In addition to the project's technical and organizational challenges, it also faces complicated ethical, legal, and social issues. This paper, from members of the EBP's Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI) Committee, catalogs these ELSI concerns arising from EBP. These include legal issues, such as sample collection and permitting; the applicability of international treaties, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol; intellectual property; sample accessioning; and biosecurity and ethical issues, such as sampling from the territories of Indigenous peoples and local communities, the protection of endangered species, and cross-border collections, among several others. We also comment on the intersection of digital sequence information and data rights. More broadly, this list of ethical, legal, and social issues for large-scale genomic sequencing projects may be useful in the consideration of ethical frameworks for future projects. While we do not-and cannot-provide simple, overarching solutions for all the issues raised here, we conclude our perspective by beginning to chart a path forward for EBP's work

Ethical, legal, and social issues in the Earth BioGenome Project

The Earth BioGenome Project (EBP) is an audacious endeavor to obtain whole-genome sequences of representatives from all eukaryotic species on Earth. In addition to the project’s technical and organizational challenges, it also faces complicated ethical, legal, and social issues. This paper, from members of the EBP’s Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI) Committee, catalogs these ELSI concerns arising from EBP. These include legal issues, such as sample collection and permitting; the applicability of international treaties, such as the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol; intellectual property; sample accessioning; and biosecurity and ethical issues, such as sampling from the territories of Indigenous peoples and local communities, the protection of endangered species, and cross-border collections, among several others. We also comment on the intersection of digital sequence information and data rights. More broadly, this list of ethical, legal, and social issues for large-scale genomic sequencing projects may be useful in the consideration of ethical frameworks for future projects. While we do not—and cannot—provide simple, overarching solutions for all the issues raised here, we conclude our perspective by beginning to chart a path forward for EBP’s work

Efficient gene-driven germ-line point mutagenesis of C57BL/6J mice

BACKGROUND: Analysis of an allelic series of point mutations in a gene, generated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis, is a valuable method for discovering the full scope of its biological function. Here we present an efficient gene-driven approach for identifying ENU-induced point mutations in any gene in C57BL/6J mice. The advantage of such an approach is that it allows one to select any gene of interest in the mouse genome and to go directly from DNA sequence to mutant mice. RESULTS: We produced the Cryopreserved Mutant Mouse Bank (CMMB), which is an archive of DNA, cDNA, tissues, and sperm from 4,000 G(1 )male offspring of ENU-treated C57BL/6J males mated to untreated C57BL/6J females. Each mouse in the CMMB carries a large number of random heterozygous point mutations throughout the genome. High-throughput Temperature Gradient Capillary Electrophoresis (TGCE) was employed to perform a 32-Mbp sequence-driven screen for mutations in 38 PCR amplicons from 11 genes in DNA and/or cDNA from the CMMB mice. DNA sequence analysis of heteroduplex-forming amplicons identified by TGCE revealed 22 mutations in 10 genes for an overall mutation frequency of 1 in 1.45 Mbp. All 22 mutations are single base pair substitutions, and nine of them (41%) result in nonconservative amino acid substitutions. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of cryopreserved spermatozoa into B6D2F1 or C57BL/6J ova was used to recover mutant mice for nine of the mutations to date. CONCLUSIONS: The inbred C57BL/6J CMMB, together with TGCE mutation screening and ICSI for the recovery of mutant mice, represents a valuable gene-driven approach for the functional annotation of the mammalian genome and for the generation of mouse models of human genetic diseases. The ability of ENU to induce mutations that cause various types of changes in proteins will provide additional insights into the functions of mammalian proteins that may not be detectable by knockout mutations

Preeclampsia and COVID-19: results from the INTERCOVID prospective longitudinal study

Background: It is unclear whether the suggested link between COVID-19 during pregnancy and preeclampsia is an independent association or if these are caused by common risk factors. Objective: This study aimed to quantify any independent association between COVID-19 during pregnancy and preeclampsia and to determine the effect of these variables on maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Study Design: This was a large, longitudinal, prospective, unmatched diagnosed and not-diagnosed observational study assessing the effect of COVID-19 during pregnancy on mothers and neonates. Two consecutive not-diagnosed women were concomitantly enrolled immediately after each diagnosed woman was identified, at any stage during pregnancy or delivery, and at the same level of care to minimize bias. Women and neonates were followed until hospital discharge using the standardized INTERGROWTH-21st protocols and electronic data management system. A total of 43 institutions in 18 countries contributed to the study sample. The independent association between the 2 entities was quantified with the risk factors known to be associated with preeclampsia analyzed in each group. The outcomes were compared among women with COVID-19 alone, preeclampsia alone, both conditions, and those without either of the 2 conditions. Results: We enrolled 2184 pregnant women; of these, 725 (33.2%) were enrolled in the COVID-19 diagnosed and 1459 (66.8%) in the COVID-19 not-diagnosed groups. Of these women, 123 had preeclampsia of which 59 of 725 (8.1%) were in the COVID-19 diagnosed group and 64 of 1459 (4.4%) were in the not-diagnosed group (risk ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.32–2.61). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors and conditions associated with both COVID-19 and preeclampsia, the risk ratio for preeclampsia remained significant among all women (risk ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–2.52) and nulliparous women specifically (risk ratio, 1.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–3.05). There was a trend but no statistical significance among parous women (risk ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.99–2.73). The risk ratio for preterm birth for all women diagnosed with COVID-19 and preeclampsia was 4.05 (95% confidence interval, 2.99–5.49) and 6.26 (95% confidence interval, 4.35–9.00) for nulliparous women. Compared with women with neither condition diagnosed, the composite adverse perinatal outcome showed a stepwise increase in the risk ratio for COVID-19 without preeclampsia, preeclampsia without COVID-19, and COVID-19 with preeclampsia (risk ratio, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.63–2.86; risk ratio, 2.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.44–4.45; and risk ratio, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.67–4.82, respectively). Similar findings were found for the composite adverse maternal outcome with risk ratios of 1.76 (95% confidence interval, 1.32–2.35), 2.07 (95% confidence interval, 1.20–3.57), and 2.77 (95% confidence interval, 1.66–4.63). The association between COVID-19 and gestational hypertension and the direction of the effects on preterm birth and adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, were similar to preeclampsia, but confined to nulliparous women with lower risk ratios. Conclusion: COVID-19 during pregnancy is strongly associated with preeclampsia, especially among nulliparous women. This association is independent of any risk factors and preexisting conditions. COVID-19 severity does not seem to be a factor in this association. Both conditions are associated independently of and in an additive fashion with preterm birth, severe perinatal morbidity and mortality, and adverse maternal outcomes. Women with preeclampsia should be considered a particularly vulnerable group with regard to the risks posed by COVID-19

The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Overview and Evaluation at Standard Resolution

This work documents the first version of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) new Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1). We focus on the standard resolution of the fully coupled physical model designed to address DOE mission-relevant water cycle questions. Its components include atmosphere and land (110-km grid spacing), ocean and sea ice (60 km in the midlatitudes and 30 km at the equator and poles), and river transport (55 km) models. This base configuration will also serve as a foundation for additional configurations exploring higher horizontal resolution as well as augmented capabilities in the form of biogeochemistry and cryosphere configurations. The performance of E3SMv1 is evaluated by means of a standard set of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Characterization of Klima simulations consisting of a long preindustrial control, historical simulations (ensembles of fully coupled and prescribed SSTs) as well as idealized CO2 forcing simulations. The model performs well overall with biases typical of other CMIP-class models, although the simulated Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is weaker than many CMIP-class models. While the E3SMv1 historical ensemble captures the bulk of the observed warming between preindustrial (1850) and present day, the trajectory of the warming diverges from observations in the second half of the twentieth century with a period of delayed warming followed by an excessive warming trend. Using a two-layer energy balance model, we attribute this divergence to the model’s strong aerosol-related effective radiative forcing (ERFari+aci = -1.65 W/m2) and high equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS = 5.3 K).Plain Language SummaryThe U.S. Department of Energy funded the development of a new state-of-the-art Earth system model for research and applications relevant to its mission. The Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1) consists of five interacting components for the global atmosphere, land surface, ocean, sea ice, and rivers. Three of these components (ocean, sea ice, and river) are new and have not been coupled into an Earth system model previously. The atmosphere and land surface components were created by extending existing components part of the Community Earth System Model, Version 1. E3SMv1’s capabilities are demonstrated by performing a set of standardized simulation experiments described by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Characterization of Klima protocol at standard horizontal spatial resolution of approximately 1° latitude and longitude. The model reproduces global and regional climate features well compared to observations. Simulated warming between 1850 and 2015 matches observations, but the model is too cold by about 0.5 °C between 1960 and 1990 and later warms at a rate greater than observed. A thermodynamic analysis of the model’s response to greenhouse gas and aerosol radiative affects may explain the reasons for the discrepancy.Key PointsThis work documents E3SMv1, the first version of the U.S. DOE Energy Exascale Earth System ModelThe performance of E3SMv1 is documented with a set of standard CMIP6 DECK and historical simulations comprising nearly 3,000 yearsE3SMv1 has a high equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.3 K) and strong aerosol-related effective radiative forcing (-1.65 W/m2)Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151288/1/jame20860_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/151288/2/jame20860.pd