“The Poor People had Suddenly Become Rich” A Boom in Maine Wheat, 1793-1815

The article discusses the important role played in the surreptitious trade in wheat to the British Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. Its European supplies choked off by tariffs and embargoes, Britain turned to Ireland and to the United States for grain

The Valley White with Mist A Cape Cod Colony in Maine, 1770-1820

The dramatic influx of southern New Englanders into the District of Maine in the 1770s is widely recognized but poorly understood. This article traces migration routes from Cape Cod to the Penobscot River valley. By 1770 farmlands on the Cape could no longer sustain an agrarian way of life that was important to many inhabitants. Choosing to change locations rather than occupations, families moved eastward and on the lower Penobscot River reproduced, as best they could, the world they left behind. This article explores the reasons for the uprooting, and the cultural, ideological, familial, and architectural links that bound the Cape Cod settlers to the “old country.” Maps were provided by the author

THE RISE OF COWORKING AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS ON TRADITIONAL LEASING MODELS

Coworking, or provision of communal, flexible office spaces on a short-term basis, is a rapidly growing phenomenon in the modern office markets. Coworking was initially driven by the preferences of freelancers, knowledge workers and start-up communities; however more recently the industry has targeted large corporate organisations as their new path of growth. Many landlords are being challenged by this growing demand for flexible, collaborative spaces, and are increasingly looking at how to leverage the benefits of including such spaces within their portfolio. For coworking spaces, landlords are required to revisit traditional lease structures and introduce more creative, alternative means of leasing in order to facilitate new leasing options that provide greater ability to manage volatile headcounts. This conceptual paper analyses the existing literature to identify alternative lease models that can facilitate the growing demand for flexible, scalable and collaborative spaces. The findings identify flex and core leasing model, revenue and profit share model, city campus model, joint venture model and management model as appropriate alternative lease and operating structures for coworking spaces. The findings also identify the advantages and challenges associated with each lease model from the landlord’s point of view. The findings emphasise the importance of having more dynamic and creative lease structures that are better aligned with the interests of landlords, space operators and diverse groups of office space users in flexible office arrangements

COWORKING: THE NEW DESIGN OF WORKPLACES

Globalisation of business, innovative technologies and increase in knowledge-based industries have had significant impacts on organisations’ business practices. This has subsequently affected the demand for space in built-facilities. As a result, the demand for flexible office space solutions such as coworking, or provision of communal, flexible office spaces on a short-term basis, have become a rapidly growing phenomenon. By conducting a case study analyses of two large property trusts in Australia, this research paper examines how the office layouts and configurations are adapted in coworking spaces to facilitate such innovative spaces. Findings identify that the main design strategies for coworking spaces are to enhance space autonomy, create communities, facilitate collaboration, create spontaneous encounters, create multi-purpose and multi-generational spaces, create productive work environments and reduce individual workplace footprints. The research findings emphasise the importance of having more dynamic and creative office layouts and configurations that are better aligned with the interests of landlords, space operators and diverse groups of office space users in flexible office arrangements

Ensemble averaged entanglement of two-particle states in Fock space

Recent results, extending the Schmidt decomposition theorem to wavefunctions of identical particles, are reviewed. They are used to give a definition of reduced density operators in the case of two identical particles. Next, a method is discussed to calculate time averaged entanglement. It is applied to a pair of identical electrons in an otherwise empty band of the Hubbard model, and to a pair of bosons in the the Bose-Hubbard model with infinite range hopping. The effect of degeneracy of the spectrum of the Hamiltonian on the average entanglement is emphasised.Comment: 19 pages Latex, changed title, references added in the conclusion

Infinitesimals without Logic

We introduce the ring of Fermat reals, an extension of the real field containing nilpotent infinitesimals. The construction takes inspiration from Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis (SIA), but provides a powerful theory of actual infinitesimals without any need of a background in mathematical logic. In particular, on the contrary with respect to SIA, which admits models only in intuitionistic logic, the theory of Fermat reals is consistent with classical logic. We face the problem to decide if the product of powers of nilpotent infinitesimals is zero or not, the identity principle for polynomials, the definition and properties of the total order relation. The construction is highly constructive, and every Fermat real admits a clear and order preserving geometrical representation. Using nilpotent infinitesimals, every smooth functions becomes a polynomial because in Taylor's formulas the rest is now zero. Finally, we present several applications to informal classical calculations used in Physics: now all these calculations become rigorous and, at the same time, formally equal to the informal ones. In particular, an interesting rigorous deduction of the wave equation is given, that clarifies how to formalize the approximations tied with Hook's law using this language of nilpotent infinitesimals.Comment: The first part of the preprint is taken directly form arXiv:0907.1872 The second part is new and contains a list of example

Health representations, perceived valence, and concept associations for symbols as food cues: A mixed-methods approach

Researchers have experimented with a range of point-of-purchase (PoP) interventions in supermarkets, restaurants, and cafeterias. In general, these interventions have employed written materials. This research tested symbols to visually summarize information about the (un)healthiness of food. Study one explored health representations and valence associated with the image of a heart, a bathroom scale, and a running shoe using qualitative field interviews (N = 1200). Study two explored accessibility of a priori concept associations for two of those images, stratified by valence, in a computerized response latency task (N = 40). Study one indicted that the heart was best linked to its intended theme "heart health." Concerning valence, the heart was seen as both positive and negative whereas the scale was less likely to be viewed as positive relative to the running shoe. In study two, the heart was linked to five of the six a priori concepts and there was evidence that three of these were more accessible. Overall, the heart was better linked to positive poles than negative ones. A heart symbol may be useful to prompt heart healthy choices at the PoP. There was evidence that a scale may bias choice away from undesirable foods