Peer Toy Play as a Gateway to Children’s Gender Flexibility: The Effect of (Counter)Stereotypic Portrayals of Peers in Children’s Magazines

Extensive evidence has documented the gender stereotypic content of children’s media, and media is recognized as an important socializing agent for young children. Yet, the precise impact of children’s media on the endorsement of gender-typed attitudes and behaviors has received less scholarly attention. We investigated the impact of stereotypic and counter-stereotypic peers pictured in children’s magazines on children’s gender flexibility around toy play and preferences, playmate choice, and social exclusion behavior (n = 82, age 4–7 years-old). British children were randomly assigned to view a picture of a peer-age boy and girl in a magazine playing with either a gender stereotypic or counter-stereotypic toy. In the stereotypic condition, the pictured girl was shown with a toy pony and the pictured boy was shown with a toy car; these toys were reversed in the counter-stereotypic condition. Results revealed significantly greater gender flexibility around toy play and playmate choices among children in the counterstereotypic condition compared to the stereotypic condition, and boys in the stereotypic condition were more accepting of gender-based exclusion than were girls. However, there was no difference in children’s own toy preferences between the stereotypic and counter-stereotypic condition, with children preferring more gender-typed toys overall. Implications of the findings for media, education, and parenting practices are discussed, and the potential for counterstereotypic media portrayals of toy play to shape the gender socialization of young children is explored

Holistic factors that impact the under-representation of women in ICT : a systematic literature review

An under-representation of women in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry exits. Current research tends to focus on either social aspects (social construction) or physical aspects as cause for this phenomenon. Consequently, there is a lack of a holistic perspective of factors that causes the under-representation of women in ICT. This research provides a holistic perspective of factors that causes the under-representation of women in the ICT industry. This research was performed by conducting a systematic literature review that considered 89 articles to identify factors that cause the under-representation of women in ICT. The identified factors were classified as: organizational, economical and socio-psychobiological. The under-representation of women in ICT can now be better addressed by holistically considering this classification of factors to increase female participation in ICT.http://www.springer.comseries/111562021-10-22hj2021Informatic