Extract of Calvatia gigantea inhibits proliferation of A549 human lung cancer cells

In this study, in order to investigate the anticancer mechanism of Calvatia gigantea extract, edible mushroom species, which belong to Lycoperdaceae family, changes of CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, p21, Akt, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were evaluated in A549 lung cancer cells. Cytotoxic effect of C.gigantea extract was evaluated by using XTT (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5 carboxanilide). The C. gigantea extract was treated in a time and dose dependent manner within the range 25 μg/ml–2 mg/ml to determine the IC50 dose. IC50 dose for C. gigantea extract was detected as 500 μg/ml for 72 h. According to expression results, while CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, Akt and Bcl-2 expression clearly decreased, Bax, p53, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression clearly increased in the dose group cells (A549 cells treated with 500 μg/ml dose of C. gigantea extract for 72 h). However, there was no change in p21 expression. C. gigantea extract induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by decreasing the CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, Akt and Bcl-2 expression and by increasing Bax, p53, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression in A549 cells. Mushrooms are eukaryotic organisms heavily used because of their supposedly anticancer effect. Many mushroom species have been used for medical purposes, as a result of also having many effects such as antibiotic, antiviral and anticancer effects. It is thought that the C. gigantea extract may be a significant agent for treatment of lung cancer as a single agent or in combination with other drugs. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Determination of some heavy metals in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Banks & Solander, 1794) in terms of public health

In this study, the accumulation of some heavy metals in spiny eel (Mastacembelus mastacembelus Banks and Solander, 1794) living in Karakaya Dam Lake was determined and human health risk of this fish when consumed as food was examined. For this purpose, the amounts of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium(Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) in water samples and in the muscle tissues of the fishes were determined. The amounts of heavy metals showed differences in the muscle tissues of Mastacembelus mastacembelus according to weight, length, sex and age groups of fish. In conclusion the amounts of heavy metals in the flesh of spiny eels were found lower than that recommended by EPA, WHO, FAO and TFC

Distribution of some heavy metals in muscle tissues of Luciobarbus xanthopterus

In this study, the concentration of some heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cd, Co and Pb) were determined in water and in the muscle of Luciobarbus xanthopterus fish to study the potential human risk of consumption and the relationship between the heavy metal load of fish and some of their biological aspects (weight, lenght and sex) and seasonal variation. Transfer Factors of heavy metals in L. xanthopterus were also determined. It was found that heavy metals accumulated in muscle tissue of L. xanthopterus were higher than that in the water. The concentration of heavy metals showed differences according to weight, length and sex of fish. The metal concentrations were determined in muscle tissue of female higher than those in male fish. The results were discussed and compared with tolerable values for heavy metals provided from the EPA, WHO, FAO and Turkish Food Codex (TFC) to determine whether this species has any risk for human consumption.Bu çalışmada, bazı ağır metallerin (Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Cd, Co and Pb) su ve Luciobarbus xanthopterus’un kas dokusundaki konsantrasyonları, bu balığın insanlar tarafından tüketilmesinde bir risk oluşturup oluşturmadığı ve balıkta ağır metal birikimi ile balığın bazı biyolojik özellikleri (ağırlık, uzunluk ve cinsiyet) arasındaki ilişki belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, L. xanthopterus’da ağır metallerin Transfer Faktörü belirlenmiştir. L. xanthopterus’un kas dokusunda biriken ağır metallerin konsantrasyonu sudan daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ağır metal birikimlerinin balığın vücut ağırlığına, uzunluğuna ve cinsiyetine bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Dişi balıkların kas dokusundaki metal konsantrasyonlarının erkek balıklardan daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu türün insanlar tarafından tüketilmesinin herhangi bir risk taşıyıp taşımadığı EPA, WHO, FAO ve Türk Gıda Kodeksi tarafından önerilen kabul edilebilir değerler ile karşılaştırılarak tartışılmıştır

Anti-proliferative and anti-invasive effects of ferulic acid in TT medullary thyroid cancer cells interacting with URG4/URGCP

Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid; FA), a common dietary plant phenolic compound, is abundant in fruits and vegetables. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of FA on cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and colony formation in the TT medullary thyroid cancer cell line. The effect of FA on cell viability was determined by using CellTiter-Glo assay. IC50 dose in the TT cells was detected as 150 μM. URG4/URGCP (upregulated gene-4/upregulator of cell proliferation) is a novel gene in full-length mRNA of 3.607 kb located on 7p13. It was determined that FA caused a decrease in the expression of novel gene URG4/URGCP, CCND1, CDK4, CDK6, BCL2, MMP2, and MMP9, a significant increase in the expression of p53, PARP, PUMA, NOXA, BAX, BID, CASP3, CASP9, and TIMP1 genes in TT human thyroid cancer cell line by using real-time PCR. It was found that FA in TT cells suppressed invasion, migration, and colony formation by using matrigel invasion chamber, wound healing, and colony formation assay, respectively. In conclusion, it is thought that FA indicates anticarcinogenesis activity by affecting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, invasion, migration, and colony formation on TT cells. © 2015, International Society of Oncology and BioMarkers (ISOBM)

Keban Baraj Gölü (Elazığ)'nde Yaşayan Barbus grypus Heckel,1843'de Otolit Büyüklüğü-Yaş İlişkisi

In this study, the relationship between age and sagittal otolith size (length, width and weight) of Barbus grypus Heckel, 1843 population from Keban Dam Lake have been examined. The correlation coefficients of females between the age and length, width and weight of average otolith have been determined as r = 0.96, r = 0.96 and r = 0.98, respectively. The correlation coefficients of males between the age and length, width and weight of average otolith have been determined as r = 0.97, r = 0.98 and r = 0.96, respectively. In addition the correlation coefficients of all populations between the age and length, width and weight of average otolith have been determined as r = 0.96, r = 0.98 and r = 0.97, respectively. As a result, a very high positive linear correlation has been detected between the age and otolith siz

Investigation of anticancer mechanism of oleuropein via cell cycle and apoptotic pathways in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma is one of the most common types of pediatric tumors that can spread quickly in neuronal tissues. Oleuropein which is active compound of olive leaves, belongs to polyphenols group and has antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive and anti-carcinogenic effects. The aim of the study is to determine the therapeutic effects of oleuropein on cell proliferation, invasion, colony formation, cell cycle and apoptotic mechanisms in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line under in vitro conditions. The effect of oleuropein on cell viability was determined by XTT method. 84 cell cycle control and 84 apoptosis related genes were evaluated by RT-PCR. Effects of oleuropein on apoptosis were researched by TUNEL assay. Protein expressions were determined by western blot analysis. Effects of oleuropein on cell invasion, colony formation and migration were detected by matrigel-chamber, colony formation assay and wound-healing assay, respectively. IC50 value of oleuropein in SH-SY5Y cells was detected as 350 μM at 48th hours. It is determined that oleuropein causes cell cycle arrest by down-regulating of CylinD1,CylinD2,CyclinD3,CDK4,CDK6 and up-regulating of p53 and CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDKN1A gene expressions. Oleuropein also induces apoptosis by inhibiting of Bcl-2 and activating of Bax,caspase-9 and caspase-3 gene expressions. Apoptotic cell ratio was found 36.4 ± 3.27% in oleuropein dose group. Oleuropein decreased invasion in SH-SY5Y cells and suppressed colony numbers in ratio of 53.6 ± 4.71%.Our results demonstrated that oleuropein can be a therapeutic agent in the treatment of neuroblastoma. © 2016 Elsevier B.V

Assessment of the anticancer mechanism of ferulic acid via cell cycle and apoptotic pathways in human prostate cancer cell lines

Studies on genetic changes underlying prostate cancer and the possible signaling pathways are getting increased day by day, and new treatment methods are being searched for. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of ferulic acid (FA), a phenolic compound, on cell cycle, apoptosis, invasion, and colony formation in the PC-3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The effect of FA on cell viability was determined via a 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) method. Total RNA was isolated with Tri Reagent. Expression of 84 genes for both cell cycle and apoptosis separately was evaluated by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Protein expressions were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, apoptotic effects of FA were observed with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Effects of FA on cell invasion and colony formation were determined using Matrigel chamber and colony assay, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) dose of FA was found to be 300 μM in PC-3 cells and 500 μM in LNCaP cells. According to RT-PCR results, it was observed that FA inhibited cell proliferation by increasing the gene expressions of ATR, ATM, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, E2F4, RB1, and TP53 and decreasing the gene expressions of CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 in PC-3 cells. On the other hand, it was seen that FA suppressed cell proliferation by increasing in the gene expressions of CASP1, CASP2, CASP8, CYCS, FAS, FASLG, and TRADD and decreasing in the gene expressions of BCL2 and XIAP in LNCaP cells. In this study, protein expression of CDK4 and BCL2 genes significantly decreased in these cells. It could induce apoptosis in PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Also, it was observed that FA suppressed the invasion in PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Moreover, it suppressed the colony formation. In conclusion, it has been observed that FA may lead to cell cycle arrest in PC-3 cells while it may cause apoptosis in LNCaP cells. © 2015, International Society of Oncology and BioMarkers (ISOBM)

Temozolomide may induce cell cycle arrest by interacting with URG4/URGCP in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating drug used usually in glioma treatment by inducing the apoptosis in glioma cell. The aim of the study is to investigate the anticancer mechanism of TMZ in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. Cytotoxic effects of TMZ were determined by using XTT assay. IC50 doses in the SH-SY5Y were detected as 5 mM. Expression profiles of novel genes URG4/URGCP, CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, and BCL2 were determined by real-time PCR. The apoptotic effects of TMZ were evaluated with TUNEL method. Furthermore, effects of TMZ on colony formation and invasion were investigated in this study. It was observed that TMZ in SH-SY5Y cell line caused a significant decrease in the gene expressions of URG4/URGCP, CCND1, CCND2, CDK4, and BCL2. According to TUNEL assay results, TMZ markedly induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell line. It was found that TMZ in SH-SY5Y cell line suppressed invasion and colony formation using matrigel invasion chamber and colony formation assay, respectively. To conclude, it is thought that TMZ demonstrates anticarcinogenesis activity by affecting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, invasion, and colony formation on SH-SY5Y cells. TMZ may be an effective agent for treatment of neuroblastoma as a single or in combination with other drugs. © 2015, International Society of Oncology and BioMarkers (ISOBM)