Karadeniz’de avlanan çaça (Sprattus sprattus L.) ve hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.) balıklarının büyüme parametreleri ve ölüm oranlarının tahmini

Length composition of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.) and sprat (Sprattus sprattus L.), important small pelagic species of Black Sea, were determined in this study. Growth parameters and mortality rates for anchovy and sprat, using length composition data of fishes, were estimated. A total of 150 tons anchovy and 75 tons sprat (225 tons fish) were caught end of the 13 midwater trawl tows in the study. Length of 1516 numbers anchovy and 4214 numbers sprat were measured in the study. Maximum, minimum and average length of species were established 15.2 cm, 5.2 cm, 11.28±0.04 cm; 12.8 cm, 5.7 cm, 8.5±0.01 cm respectively.Growth and population parameters of anchovy and sprat were calculated; asymptotic length (L∞) 17.01 cm, 13.38 cm, Brody growth coefficient (K) 0.28, 0.23; instantaneous rate of mortality (Z) 2.73 year-1, 2.88 year-1; rate of natural mortality (M) 0.41 year-1, 0.52 year-1, rate of fishing mortality (F) 2.18 year-1, 1.51 year-1, exploitation rate (E) 0.80 year-1, 0.82 year-1 respectively. Growth and population parameters, calculated by the length composition for species, were compared with other studies.Bu çalışmada Karadeniz’in önemli küçük pelajik türleri olan hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.) ve çaça (Sprattus sprattus L.) balıklarının boy kompozisyonu verileri kullanılarak büyüme parametreleri ve ölüm oranları tahmin edilmiştir. Araştırmada 13 ortasu trol ağı çekimi yapılarak 150 tonu hamsi, 75 tonu çaça olmak üzere toplam 225 ton balık avlanmıştır. Yapılan örneklemede 1516 adet hamsi ve 4214 adet çaça balığının boyu ölçülmüştür. Türlerin maksimum, minimum ve ortalama boyları sırasıyla 15.2 cm, 5.2 cm, 11.28± 0.04 cm; 12.8 cm, 5.7 cm, 8.5± 0.01 cm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Hamsi ve çaçanın büyüme ve populasyon parametreleri sırasıyla; asimptotik boy (L∞) 17.01 cm, 13.38 cm; büyüme katsayısı (K) 0.28, 0.23; anlık ölüm katsayısı (Z) 2.73 yıl-1, 2.88 yıl-1; doğal ölüm katsayısı (M) 0.41 yıl-1, 0.52 yıl-1, balıkçılık ölüm oranı (F) 2.18 yıl-1, 1.51 yıl-1 ve sömürülme oranı (E) 0.80 yıl-1, 0.82 yıl-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Türler için boy kompozisyonundan hesaplanan büyüme ve populasyon parametreleri yapılan diğer çalışmaların sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır

Setting Measures for Tackling Agricultural Diffuse Pollution of Küçük Menderes Basin

We explained the methodology used in setting the basic and supplementary measures for diffuse pollutants at Küçük Menderes Basin. As the majority of diffuse pollutants arise from livestock breeding and agricultural activities, we focused to propose measures regarded with tackling the pollution from agricultural activities. The types and distribution of diffuse loads were expressed by total nitrogen and phosphorous parameters. We used the results of a yearlong surface water quality monitoring involving physico-chemical, chemical and biological parameters with specific pollutants and priority substances, set in the European Union Water Framework Directive as the AquaTool input data. The AquaTool model was run for attaining the outcomes of a series of measures determined according to the ecological sensitivity of each water body. The removal efficiency of pollution loads provided by the best management practices in agricultural activities and livestock breeding were compiled from literature, and typical removal rates were further determined for the basin. We produced nine alternative scenarios at first cycle for determining compliance measures for mitigating point and diffuse sources of pollution in surface water bodies, and water quality improvements observed in the Model were reported. A number of exemptions were defined for some of the water bodies that could not achieve the environmental objectives at the end of first implementation cycle. 759 proposed measures for tackling diffuse pollution were 81% of the total measures considered. Additionally, the measures for mitigating diffuse agricultural pollution were almost equal to half of the diffuse pollutant measures, and 40% of the overall measures liste

Sinop İli Balıkçılık Altyapıları

Sinop is one of most important fishing centers of Turkey. Its importance in future of Turkish fisheries will have been continue, because of present fisheries infrastructures, fishing vessels and gears, fishing industry and rooted fisheries traditions. 15 places which consist from fishing ports, shelters and berths, with fishing cooperatives near this places have been visited during the study, and data collected on fishery infrastructures and fishing activities. The study includes detailed plans and sketches for total 15 fishing shelters and also presents data for 10 fishing cooperatives and one fishing cooperative association. Four of the listed fishing shelters are absent in the present official records.Sinop ülkemizin en önemli balıkçılık merkezlerinden birisidir. Sahip olduğu liman ve barınaklar, balıkçı tekneleri, balıkçılık sanayi, binlerce yıla dayanan balıkçılık geleneği ile bu yerini gelecekte de devam ettirecektir. Bu çalışmada liman, barınak ve çekek yerlerinden oluşan 15 altyapı ve yakın çevresinde kurulu bulunan balıkçı kooperatifleri ziyaret edilmiş, balıkçılık alt yapısı ve faaliyetleri hakkında bilgiler toplanmıştır. Çalışmada toplam 15 barınma yerine ait detaylı plan ve krokiler ile 10 kooperatif ve bir kooperatif birliği hakkında bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Barınma yerlerinden 4 adedi resmi kayıtlarda görünmemektedir

The interrelations of radiologic findings and mechanical ventilation in community acquired pneumonia patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a multicentre retrospective study

BACKGROUND: We evaluated patients admitted to the intensive care units with the diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) regarding initial radiographic findings. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was held. Chest x ray (CXR) and computerized tomography (CT) findings and also their associations with the need of ventilator support were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 388 patients were enrolled. Consolidation was the main finding on CXR (89%) and CT (80%) examinations. Of all, 45% had multi-lobar involvement. Bilateral involvement was found in 40% and 44% on CXR and CT respectively. Abscesses and cavitations were rarely found. The highest correlation between CT and CXR findings was observed for interstitial involvement. More than 80% of patients needed ventilator support. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) requirement was seen to be more common in those with multi-lobar involvement on CXR as 2.4-fold and consolidation on CT as 47-fold compared with those who do not have these findings. Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) need increased 8-fold in patients with multi-lobar involvement on CT. CONCLUSION: CXR and CT findings correlate up to a limit in terms of interstitial involvement but not in high percentages in other findings. CAP patients who are admitted to the ICU are severe cases frequently requiring ventilator support. Initial CT and CXR findings may indicate the need for ventilator support, but the assumed ongoing real practice is important and the value of radiologic evaluation beyond clinical findings to predict the mechanical ventilation need is subject for further evaluation with large patient series

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Karadeniz'in Güneyinde Kare Gözlü Panel ve Baklava Gözlü Torbaya Sahip Demersal Trol ile Mezgit(Merlangius merlangus euxinus) Balığının Boy Seçiciliğinin Belirlenmesi

Ergin olmayan küçük balıkların yakalanmasını azaltmak için trol torbalarında bazı değişikliklerin yapılması sürdürülebilir balıkçılık için kullanılan yönetim araçlarından biridir. Bu araştırmada mezgit (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) balığı için demersal trol torba seçiciliğinde kare gözlü kaçış panelinin etkileri incelenmiştir. Seçicilik denemelerinde trol torbasının üst kısmının ön bölümüne 36 mm ve 40 mm kare gözlü kaçış panelleri yerleştirilmiş ve 40 mm baklava gözlü polietilen torba kullanılmıştır. Araştırma Karadeniz'in güney kıyılarında 2006 yılı Şubat ve Mart ayları arasında ticari balıkçı gemisinde yürütülmüştür. Torba üzerinde çemberli örtü torba yöntemi kullanılarak toplam 6 geçerli ağ çekimi yapılmıştır. Seçicilik parametreleri maksimum benzerlik yöntemi ve lojistik denklem kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Mezgit balığının ortalama L50 ve seçicilik aralıkları sırasıyla 40 mm baklava gözlü ağ için 12,57 (se. 0,41) cm ve 3,45 (se. 0,03) cm, 36 mm kare gözlü panel için 12,71 (se. 0,45) cm ve 3,12 (se. 0.03) cm, 40 mm kare gözlü panel için 13,55 (se. 0,32) cm and 3,70 (se.0,02) cm olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, trol torbasının üst bölümünün ön kısmında kare gözlü panel (40 mm) kullanımının demersal trol torbasının seçiciliğini artırdığını ve yavru mezgit balıklarının yakalanmasının azaldığını göstermektedir.The modification of the trawl codends to reduce the capture of juvenile fish increasing of fishing gear selectivity has been one of the management tools for sustainable fisheries. This study were examined the effect of square mesh escape panel installation on selectivity of demersal trawl codends for whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus, N.) in the Black Sea. Codend mesh selectivity experiments were carried out using 40 mm nominal diamond mesh PE codend with 36 mm and 40 mm mesh size square mesh escape window inserted in the forward part of the top panel. The experiments were carried out in the southern Black Sea between February and March 2006 on a traditional fishing boat. A total of 6 valid hauls were made by using the hooped covered codend method. Selectivity parameters were calculated by using a logistic equation with the maximum likelihood method. Mean L50s and selection ranges of whiting were determined as 12.57 (se. 0.41) cm and 3.45 (se. 0.03) cm for 40 mm nominal diamond mesh, 12.71 (se. 0.45) cm and 3.12 (se. 0.03) cm for 36 mm square mesh panel and 13.55 (se. 0.32) cm and 3.70 (se. 0.02) cm for 40 mm square mesh panel, respectively. The results shows that the use of square mesh panel (40 mm) in the forward part of the top panel reduce the capture of juvenile fish and increases the demersal trawl codend selectivity

Fish behaviour at fisheries by passive fishing gears

Balıkçılık faaliyetlerinde kullanılan av aracı ile balık davranışları arasındaki ilişki önemli bir konu olarak hemen hemen tüm dünyaya yayılmaktadır. Yakın gelecekte davranış konusundaki ilerlemeler dünya balıkçılık sektörünü pozitif yönde etkileyecektir. Ülkemiz dahil tüm dünyada küçük balıkçı teknelerinde solungaç ağları, paraketa ve sepet gibi pasif av araçları kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle pasif av araçları ile yapılan balıkçılıkta stoku yakından ilgilendiren boy ve tür seçiciliği ile balıkçıyı ilgilendiren av verimi, iş gücü, maliyet ve kazanç konuları ön plana çıkmaktadır. Belirtilen nedenlerden dolayı avlanılacak su ürünlerinin davranışları dikkate alınarak uygun av araçlarının seçilmesi ve dizayn edilmesi yoluyla hem daha verimli bir avcılık yapmak hem de bazı türlerin stoklarını korumak mümkün olabilmektedir.As an important subject, relation between fish behaviour and fishing gear use at fisheries activity almost separate worldwide. Near future world fisheries sector has effected to positive direction by advance on behaviour subject. Passive fishing gears as gillnets long line and pots used at small fisheries boats inside our country in whole world. As this reason is important catch efficiency, labour power, cost and benefit matters interest for fishermen with length and species selectivity closely interest for stock at fisheries by passive fishing gears. Consequently providing both more effect catch and protect stocks of some species by choose and design of appropriate fishing gears take into consideration behaviour of aqua products will caught

Comparison of Catch Location on Trammel Nets of Diffrent Fish Species

Bu araştırmada Karadeniz balıkçılığında önemli yeri olan barbunya, mezgit ve istavrit balıklarının fanyalı ağlar üzerinde yakalandıkları konumlar belirlenmiştir. Yapılan 23 av operasyonu sonunda ağlara toplam 1373 adet balık yakalanmış ve türlerin ortalama av miktarları arasındaki fark önemli (p<0.05) bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonunda yakalanan türlerin ağ üzerinde kendine özgü bir dağılıma sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Pelajik bir tür olan istavrit balığı ağın tüm yüzeyinde dağılım göstererek semipleajik özellikteki mezgit balığı daha çok orta bölümünde ve demersal bir tür olan barbunya ise ağın alt bölümünde dağılım göstermiştir. Üç tür için de ağ üzerindeki yakalanma konumları arasındaki fark önemli (p<0.05) bulunmuştur.In this study catch location on trammel net of whiting, red mullet and horse mackerel, which imported in Black sea fishery, was determined. Total 1346 specimens were caught in 23 fishing operations and means catch efficiency of species between difference was significant (p<0,05). Species caught in result of the study showed a peculiar distribution on the net. Horse mackerel, a pelagic species, distributed on the whole net surface while whiting, a semipelagic species distributed on the middle part of net and red mulled, a demersal species distributed on the bottom part the net. The differences among the catch location on the net of three species was found significant (p<0,05)

The Comparison of Catch Efficiency of Mono and Multifilament Gillnets on Different Weather Conditions

Bu araştırmada açık (A) ve bulutlu (B) olmak üzere iki farklı hava durumunda kullanılan monofilament (Smn) ve multifilament (Sml) solungaç ağlarının av verimleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Ağlara barbunya (Mullus barbatus ponticus, Essipov, 1927), istavrit (Trachurus trachurus, L.1758), mezgit (Gadus merlangus euxinus, N. 1940), çinekop (Pomatamus saltator, L. 1758) ve izmarit (Spicara smaris, L.1758) türlerinden oluşan toplam 827 adet balık yakalanmıştır. Monofilament materyale sahip ağalara 513 (%62) adet balık yakalanırken multifilament ağlara 324 (%38) adet balık yakalandığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre ağlara yakalanan tüm balıkların 275 adeti (% 33) havanın açık olduğu durumda, 552 adeti (% 67) havanın bulutlu olduğu durumda avlanmıştır. Her tür için açık (A) ve bulutlu (B) hava şartlarında avlanan balık sayıları arasında yapılan karşılaştırmada hem Smn hem de Sml ağların bulutlu havada daha verimli olduğu (p<0.05) bulunmuştur.In this study catch efficiency of multifilament (Smn) and monofilament (Sml) gillnets used on different weather condition which clear (A) and cloudy (B) was compared. A total of 827 specimens including red mullet ( Mullus barbatus ponticus , Essipov, 1927), horse mackerel ( Trachurus trachurus , L.1758), whiting ( Gadus merlangus euxinus , N. 1940), bluefish ( Pomatamus saltator , L. 1758) and picarel ( Spicara smaris , L.1758) species were caught 62 % of fi shes was caught by monofilament gillnets while 38 % fishes was caught by multifilament gillnets which have multifilament material. The percentages of fishes caught on clear and cloudy weat her were 33 % and 67 % respectively. As a result of research fishing on cloudy weather was found more efficient both Smn and Sml for each specie

Fishing of Some Pelagic Species by Pairly Midwater Trawl in Black Sea Coast

"Bu çalışmada Karadeniz’de ekonomik olarak avlanan pelajik balıklardan hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.), çaça (Spratus spratus, L.), istavrit (Trachurus tarchurus, L.) ve lüfer (Pomatamus saltatrix, L.) balıklarının ortasu trolüyle avcılığında türlerin kendine özgü davranışlarının av verimi ile avın tür ve boy kompozisyonu üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Yapılan toplam 34 ağ çekiminde 463 343 kg balık avlanmış olup, en fazla avlanan tür 269 320 kg ile hamsi olurken, bunu çaça (174 820 kg), istavrit (18 198 kg) ve lüfer (1 005 kg) balıkları izlemiştir. Avın tür ve boy kompozisyonu avlanılan sahaya ve rüzgar durumuna göre değişiklik göstermiştir (p<0.05). Pelajik balık türlerinin ortasu trolü ile avcılığında sürü yapısının ve davranışının doğru belirlenmesinin gerekli olduğu, bunun balık bulucu cihazların etkin kullanımı ile sağlanabileceği belirlenmiştir. Farklı tür ve büyüklükteki balıkların davranışları dikkate alınarak avlanılan saha, av zamanı ve uygun çevresel koşulların iyi seçilmesi yoluyla daha başarılı bir avcılık yapılabilir."In this study effects of specific behaviour of commercial pelagic fish species in Black Sea, anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus, L.), sprat (Spratus spratus, L.), horse mackerel (Trachurus tarchurus, L.) and blue fish (Pomatamus saltatrix, L.) on efficiency, species and size composition of catch was investigated by the midwater trawl. In total 34 tows were caught 463 343 kg fish. Anchovy is the most caught species in the fishing as 269 320 kg, sprat (174 820 kg), horse mackerel (18 198 kg) and blue fish (1 005 kg) followed respectively. Species and size composition of catch show ed to difference as regards fishing area and wind condition (p<0.05). It is essential, true designation of school structure and behaviour in fishing of pelagic species by the midwater trawl and it can be provided by effective using of fish finder equipments were determined. More successful fishery is operated in distinguished of fishin g area, catching time and suitable environmental conditions by taking into account behaviour of fish having different species and size