Pengaruh Pemberian Monosodium Glutamat pada Induk terhadap Fase Erupsi Gigi Anak Tikus Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) Generasi Pertama (The Effect of Monosodium Glutamate Administration on Mothers Rat (Rattus norvegicus) to the Tooth Eruption Phase of the Fir

Background: Monosodium glutamat (MSG) is a kind of food additives which consumes widely in society. It may damage the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and disturb the endocrin regulation system. This condition may delay the tooth eruption phase. Aim: To analyze the effect of MSG administration on the neonatal rats tooth eruption phase, whose mothers were given MSG during gestational period also during gestational and lactation period, to determine the difference between neonatal male and female tooth eruption phase. Materials and Methods: The first molar of right mandibular of neonatal rats from the control group (K1), the treatment group which mothers were given MSG during pregnant period (K2) and the mothers which were given MSG during pregnant and lactation period (K3) were collected as samples. The samples were examined by periapical rontgent to observe the tooth eruption phase. The result was measured by Corel Draw X3. Results and Conclusion: The tooth eruption phase in the treatment group (K2 and K3) are slower than the control group (K1), and there is no difference between neonatal male and female tooth eruption phase.   Kata Kunci: hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, monosodium glutamate, tooth eruption &nbsp

Labor Mobility and Return Migration Potential in Response to EU Accession

Regarding migratory flows in relation to EU enlargement, there is a popular assumption that labor markets of existing member states will be overwhelmed by newcomer intra-EU migrants. Freedom to move throughout the EU is unquestionably an incentive for some to emigrate, but the corresponding domestic changes as a result of membership also incentivize some migrants to return. Using the Western Balkans as a regional focus, as well as the experience of the 2004/2007 enlargements, I explore these incentives in depth and examine whether return migration in response to EU accession can be expected. I conclude that, while there is still significant potential for emigration from the Western Balkans, the stabilizing effects of the EU accession process on both economic and democratic norms act as a significant pull factor for return migration.Master of Art

Estimating and reporting treatment effects in clinical trials for weight management: using estimands to interpret effects of intercurrent events and missing data

In the approval process for new weight management therapies, regulators typically require estimates of effect size. Usually, as with other drug evaluations, the placebo-adjusted treatment effect (i.e., the difference between weight losses with pharmacotherapy and placebo, when given as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention) is provided from data in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). At first glance, this may seem appropriate and straightforward. However, weight loss is not a simple direct drug effect, but is also mediated by other factors such as changes in diet and physical activity. Interpreting observed differences between treatment arms in weight management RCTs can be challenging; intercurrent events that occur after treatment initiation may affect the interpretation of results at the end of treatment. Utilizing estimands helps to address these uncertainties and improve transparency in clinical trial reporting by better matching the treatment-effect estimates to the scientific and/or clinical questions of interest. Estimands aim to provide an indication of trial outcomes that might be expected in the same patients under different conditions. This article reviews how intercurrent events during weight management trials can influence placebo-adjusted treatment effects, depending on how they are accounted for and how missing data are handled. The most appropriate method for statistical analysis is also discussed, including assessment of the last observation carried forward approach, and more recent methods, such as multiple imputation and mixed models for repeated measures. The use of each of these approaches, and that of estimands, is discussed in the context of the SCALE phase 3a and 3b RCTs evaluating the effect of liraglutide 3.0 mg for the treatment of obesity

Patienters fysiska och psykiska symtom av fasta i väntan på operation : en litteraturstudie : sjuksköterskans möjlighet att befrämja patientens hälsa

Bakgrunden till denna litteraturstudie var att tidigare forskning påvisat att framtagna riktlinjer gällande preoperativ fasta inför planerade operationer ej efterlevs optimalt. Syftet var att beskriva vuxna patienters fysiska och psykiska symtom vid fasta i väntan på planerad operation, hur sjuksköterskan kan främja patientens hälsa under den preoperativa tiden samt beskriva de ingående studiernas urvals- och datainsamlingsmetod. Metoden som användes var en beskrivande litteraturstudie där artiklar söktes via PubMed (Medline) och Cinahl. Där påfanns 17 artiklar som utgjorde grunden till studien. I resultatet framkom att patienter som fastar i väntan på planerade operationer visar på fysiska symtom som törst, hunger och illamående samt psykiska symtom som oro och ångest. Den övergripande omvårdnadsåtgärden för att förebygga dessa symtom vid fasta i väntan på planerad operation var att administrera patienten kolhydratrik dryck fram till två timmar innan operation. Vidare framkom sjuksköterskans viktiga roll att beakta detta och främja för ökad hälsa för patienter i väntan på planerade operationer. Slutsatsen visar på att det behövs kontinuerliga uppdateringar och spetsutbildningar samt utökat samarbete mellan de olika professionerna och klinikerna för att vårdpersonal skall bli medvetna om detta problemområde. Bättre förutsättningar skapas då för såväl patienterna som vårdpersonal inom den planerade operationsverksamheten