10 research outputs found

    Functional analysis and expression profiling of HcrVf1 and HcrVf2 for development of scab resistant cisgenic and intragenic apples

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    Apple scab resistance genes, HcrVf1 and HcrVf2, were isolated including their native promoter, coding and terminator sequences. Two fragment lengths (short and long) of the native gene promoters and the strong apple rubisco gene promoter (PMdRbc) were used for both HcrVf genes to test their effect on expression and phenotype. The scab susceptible cultivar ‘Gala’ was used for plant transformations and after selection of transformants, they were micrografted onto apple seedling rootstocks for scab disease tests. Apple transformants were also tested for HcrVf expression by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). For HcrVf1 the long native promoter gave significantly higher expression that the short one; in case of HcrVf2 the difference between the two was not significant. The apple rubisco gene promoter proved to give the highest expression of both HcrVf1 and HcrVf2. The top four expanding leaves were used initially for inoculation with monoconidial isolate EU-B05 which belongs to race 1 of V. inaequalis. Later six other V. inaequalis isolates were used to study the resistance spectra of the individual HcrVf genes. The scab disease assays showed that HcrVf1 did not give resistance against any of the isolates tested regardless of the expression level. The HcrVf2 gene appeared to be the only functional gene for resistance against Vf avirulent isolates of V. inaequalis. HcrVf2 did not provide any resistance to Vf virulent strains, even not in case of overexpression. In conclusion, transformants carrying the apple-derived HcrVf2 gene in a cisgenic as well as in an intragenic configuration were able to reach scab resistance levels comparable to the Vf resistant control cultivar obtained by classical breeding, cv. ‘Santana’

    InBase 2.0: Tietokanta ja tutkimustyökalu automaattisesti isÀntÀproteiinista irti silmukoituville proteiineille

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    Inteins are autocatalyzing self-splicing proteins that are excised from a host protein giving a free intein and an active protein. Other protein groups related to inteins by their ability to self-splice are also found and their function are at some level studied. These proteins share a domain named as HINT (Hedgehog/Intein). At the moment these groups are named as inteins, bacterial intein-like proteins A, B and C, hedgehog proteins and Vints. The purpose of this work was to build a platform, named as InBase 2.0, where the functions and properties of these self-splicing elements could be studied efficiently. The database that gathers protein sequences having these common properties lies at the basis of InBase 2.0. The database is a relational database linking other important information to the actual sequential data of the proteins. Such information is for example publications, classification of proteins, measured self-splicing activities etc. A set of tools was added to the InBase 2.0 in order to perform sequential analysis and comparison between the sequences. The set of tools performing sequential analysis includes BLAST, InterProScan 5, ClustalW and WebLogo. Several known inteins contain homing endonuclease domain. This domain can copy the intein coding sequence to another location in a genome. However, the copy site needs to have a specific recognition site, which is again specific to the intein. The capability of the tools were studied by constructing a workflow capable to predict such recognition sites. Some recognition sites are known and the constructed workflow utilizing the tools of InBase 2.0 was capable to find these recognition sites with a small deficiency, not been able to predict the length of the site. Classification of the protein sequences containing the HINT domain is not very clear. InBase 2.0 main purpose for now on is to help to provide more specific definitions to the subgroups of the HINT domain containing proteins.Inteinit ovat proteiineja, jotka silmukoituvat automaattisesti irti isÀntÀproteiinista ilman entsyymejÀ tai muita katalyyttejÀ. Silmukoitumisesta seuraa toimiva isÀntÀproteiini ja vapaa inteini. TÀmÀ automaattinen leikkauttuminen on inteini -proteiinien perusominaisuus ja myös muita samankaltaisilla ominaisuuksilla varustettuja proteiiniryhmiÀ on löydetty. Kaikissa nÀissÀ ryhmissÀ - inteinit mukaanluettuna - on proteiini -alue (engl. domain) nimeltÀ HINT, joka vastaa leikkautumisesta. TÀllÀ hetkellÀ ryhmÀt ovat inteinit, bakteeriperÀiset inteinien kaltaiset proteiinit A, B ja C, sekÀ Hedgehog ja Vint -ryhmÀt. Monet nÀiden ryhmien proteiineista ovat huonosti tutkittuja. TÀmÀn työn tarkoituksena on rakentaa verkkopohjainen työkalu - nimeltÀÀn InBase 2.0 - nÀiden ryhmien ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen sekÀ tietokanta proteiinisekvenssien tallennukseen. InBase 2.0:n tietokanta on relaatiotietokanta, jossa proteiinisekvensseihin voidaan linkittÀÀ niihin liittyvÀÀ tietoa. Tallaista tietoa on esimerkiksi sekvenssiin liittyvÀt julkaisut, sekvenssien luokitukset ja leikkautumisaktiivisuus. InBase 2.0:n työkalupaketti sisÀltÀÀ sekvenssianalyysissÀ yleisesti kÀytettyjÀ ohjelmistoja. Työkalut ovat BLAST, InterProScan 5, ClustalW ja WebLogo. Useat inteinit sisÀltÀvÀt myös proteiini -domainin nimeltÀ hakeutuva endonukleaasi. TÀmÀ domaini voi kopioida inteiniÀ koodavan DNA -sekvenssin toisaalle organismin genomissa. Uusi sijainti tulee kuitenkin sisÀltÀÀ lyhyen ko. inteinille spesifisen DNA -sekvenssin, ns. tunnistusalue. Osalta inteineistÀ tÀmÀ tunnistusalue on tunnettu. TÀtÀ tietoa kÀytettiin hyvÀksi, kun InBase 2.0:n työkaluista rakennettiin yhteiskÀyttökokonaisuus, jolla nÀitÀ tunnistusalueita pyritÀÀn ennustamaan. Kokonaisuus toimii kyeten selvittÀmÀÀn tunnetut tunnistusalueet, mutta ei sitÀ kuinka pitkÀ tÀmÀ alue on. Toinen pÀÀtehtÀvÀ InBase 2.0:lla on se ettÀ HINT domainin sisÀltÀvien proteiinien luokittelu on hankalaa ja epÀmÀÀrÀistÀ. TÀhÀn ongelmaan pyritÀÀn saada selkeÀmpi mÀÀrittely kÀyttÀen hyvÀksi InBase 2.0 työkaluja

    The dark side of centromeres: types, causes and consequences of structural abnormalities implicating centromeric DNA

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    A global dataset for crop production under conventional tillage and no tillage systems

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