Early mobilisation in mechanically ventilated patients:A systematic integrative review of definitions and activities

From PubMed via Jisc Publications RouterHistory: received 2018-10-23, accepted 2018-12-11Publication status: epublishMechanically ventilated patients often develop muscle weakness post-intensive care admission. Current evidence suggests that early mobilisation of these patients can be an effective intervention in improving their outcomes. However, what constitutes early mobilisation in mechanically ventilated patients (EM-MV) remains unclear. We aimed to systematically explore the definitions and activity types of EM-MV in the literature. Whittemore and Knafl's framework guided this review. CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, ASSIA, and Cochrane Library were searched to capture studies from 2000 to 2018, combined with hand search of grey literature and reference lists of included studies. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools were used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Data extraction and quality assessment of studies were performed independently by each reviewer before coming together in sub-groups for discussion and agreement. An inductive and data-driven thematic analysis was undertaken on verbatim extracts of EM-MV definitions and activities in included studies. Seventy-six studies were included from which four major themes were inferred: (1) , (2) , (3) and (4) . The first theme indicates that EM-MV is either not fully defined in studies or when a definition is provided this is not standardised across studies. The remaining themes reflect the diversity of EM-MV activities which depends on patients' characteristics and ICU settings; the negotiated decision-making process between patients and staff; and their interdependent relationship during the implementation. This review highlights the absence of an agreed definition and on what constitutes early mobilisation in mechanically ventilated patients. To advance research and practice an agreed and shared definition is a pre-requisite

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation with high pressure strategy remains a “double edged sword”?

Antonio M Esquinas,1 Gherardo Siscaro,2 Enrico M Clini21Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Murcia, 2Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena, Pavullo-Modena, ItalyWe read with great interest the original work by Murphy et al analyzing the effects of two treatment strategies for delivery of noninvasive mechanical ventilation in hypercapnic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.1 High pressure and high intensity noninvasive mechanical ventilation were compared in a short-term crossover trial to assess whether high intensity noninvasive mechanical ventilation (inspiratory pressure > 25 cm H2O associated with a high backup ventilator rate) may improve adherence, physiological, and subjective outcomes when compared with delivery of high pressure noninvasive mechanical ventilation (without elevated backup respiratory rate). The authors concluded that both strategies are equivalent in all the recorded outcomes, showing thus that driving pressure, but not backup respiratory rate, is essential to gain physiological and clinical benefits in this population when in a chronic stable condition.View original paper by Murphy and colleagues

Cost-effectiveness of NIV applied to chronic respiratory failure

The expansion of home mechanical ventilation (HMV) in the last 15 yrs was stimulated by the introduction of noninvasive mask ventilation and the recognition that more patient groups could benefit.In the management of healthcare resources, cost-analysis currently represents a method for evaluation of the expenditure due to the effects on health of a new (or specific) intervention and for assessing it in the economic perspective. Disabilityadjustedlife-yrs, healthy-yr equivalents and quality-adjusted life-yrs are all time-based measures of health that include the impact of interventions on years of life lost due to premature mortality and years of life lived with a nonfatal health outcome, weightedby the severity of that outcome.Although the effectiveness of noninvasive HMV has been addressed, the impact of this treatment on the overall costs has not been clearly reported or demonstrated and very few data based on a true economic analysis in patients under noninvasive HMV have been published. Direct and (partially) indirect cost calculations have been observed and reported, especially in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients under noninvasive HMV. The most recent data underline the large impact ofnoninvasive HMV on both patient outcome (reduction of recurrent admissions and increase in quality of life) and family burden (unemployment, financial and social issues), thus prompting further studies with appropriate cost-effectiveness and/or cost-utility analysis

Energy expenditure at rest and during walking in patients with chronic respiratory failure: a prospective two-phase case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Measurements of Energy Expenditure (EE) at rest (REE) and during physical activities are increasing in interest in chronic patients. In this study we aimed at evaluating the validity/reliability of the SenseWear®Armband (SWA) device in terms of REE and EE during assisted walking in Chronic Respiratory Failure (CRF) patients receiving long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In a two-phase prospective protocol we studied 40 severe patients and 35 age-matched healthy controls. In phase-1 we determined the validity and repeatability of REE measured by SWA (REEa) in comparison with standard calorimetry (REEc). In phase-2 we then assessed EE and Metabolic Equivalents-METs by SWA during the 6-minute walking test while breathing oxygen in both assisted (Aid) or unassisted (No-Aid) modalities. When compared with REEc, REEa was slightly lower in patients (1351±169 vs 1413±194 kcal/day respectively, p<0.05), and less repeatable than in healthy controls (0.14 and 0.43 coefficient respectively). COPD patients with CRF patients reported a significant gain with Aid as compared with No-Aid modality in terms of meters walked, perceived symptoms and EE. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: SWA provides a feasible and valid method to assess the energy expenditure in CRF patients on LTOT, and it shows that aided walking results in a substantial energy saving in this population

Effects of beclomethasone/formoterol fixed combination on lung hyperinflation and dyspnea in COPD patients.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common disease characterized by airflow obstruction and lung hyperinflation leading to dyspnea and exercise capacity limitation. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate whether an extra-fine combination of beclomethasone and formoterol (BDP/F) was effective in reducing air trapping in COPD patients with hyperinflation. Fluticasone salmeterol (FP/S) combination treatment was the active control. Methods: COPD patients with forced expiratory volume in one second ,65% and plethysmographic functional residual capacity $120% of predicted were randomized to a doubleblind, double-dummy, 12-week, parallel group, treatment with either BDP/F 400/24 μg/day or FP/S 500/100 μg/day. Lung volumes were measured with full body plethysmography, and dyspnea was measured with transition dyspnea index