Group B Streptococcus GAPDH Is Released upon Cell Lysis, Associates with Bacterial Surface, and Induces Apoptosis in Murine Macrophages

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPDH) are cytoplasmic glycolytic enzymes that, despite lacking identifiable secretion signals, have been detected at the surface of several prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms where they exhibit non-glycolytic functions including adhesion to host components. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a human commensal bacterium that has the capacity to cause life-threatening meningitis and septicemia in newborns. Electron microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis demonstrated the surface localization of GAPDH in GBS. By addressing the question of GAPDH export to the cell surface of GBS strain NEM316 and isogenic mutant derivatives of our collection, we found that impaired GAPDH presence in the surface and supernatant of GBS was associated with a lower level of bacterial lysis. We also found that following GBS lysis, GAPDH can associate to the surface of many living bacteria. Finally, we provide evidence for a novel function of the secreted GAPDH as an inducer of apoptosis of murine macrophages

A gestão do SUS e as práticas de monitoramento e avaliação: possibilidades e desafios para a construção de uma agenda estratégica SUS management and monitoring and evaluation practices: possibilities and challenges for building a strategic agenda

O presente artigo trata dos desafios de se institucionalizar as práticas de Monitoramento e Avaliação no âmbito da Gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde, tendo como base a construção de uma agenda estratégica, organizada a partir das ações do Gestor Federal, na perspectiva de qualificar o espaço da relação federativa. Para tanto é apresentada uma revisão sumária da literatura, contextualizando o atual processo da gestão do SUS, que tem como base o Pacto pela Saúde, como também aspectos teóricos e operacionais inerentes às práticas do monitoramento e avaliação. A abordagem relacionada à agenda estratégica destaca a criação de mecanismos que articulam a decisão político-institucional, a criação de incentivos financeiros, o desenvolvimento de mecanismos técnicos; estratégias organizacionais de qualificação das equipes gestores; a realização de estudos e pesquisa e a divulgação de informações estratégicas, processos estes pautados pela concepção de atender as especificidades da gestão nas suas diferentes esferas e tendo como base um amplo processo de cooperação envolvendo, além dos gestores, as instituições de ensino e pesquisa e as organizações internacionais.<br>This paper deals with the challenges involved in institutionalizing Monitoring and Evaluation practices within the scope of management of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), based on the creation of a strategic agenda. This is structured around actions by the Federal Administration, from the perspective of defining the scope of the federative relationship. A summarized literature review is thus presented, placing into context the current SUS management process, which is based on the Pact for Health as well as theoretical and operational aspects inherent to monitoring and evaluation practices. The approach related to the strategic agenda highlights the creation of mechanisms that underpin the political and institutional decision, namely the creation of financial incentives and the development of technical mechanisms. These include organizational strategies for qualifying management teams and conducting studies and research and the dissemination of strategic information. These processes are based on the concept of providing for the management specificities in the different spheres of management based on a broad cooperation process involving teaching and research institutions and international organizations as well as the managers themselves