1,373 research outputs found
Sustainable Communication
In dit mini-review zal ik op een praktische manier presenteren hoe communicatie zich verhoudt tot duurzaamheid en hoe communicatie in verschillende fasen kan worden ingezet om de duurzaamheid te vergroten en de energietransitie te versnellen. Het model, van A tot Duurzaamheid, geeft invulling aan de verschillende vormen van communicatie, van informatievoorziening over overtuigen tot dialoog
Pathogen inactivation and regrowth in organic waste during biological treatment
After proper sanitation treatment, organic wastes such as animal by-products, e.g.catering waste, slaughterhouse waste and manure can be used as fertilisers and soil conditioners and thereby contribute to a sustainable society. However, organic waste may contain pathogenic microorganisms and can thus present a health risk to both humans and animals if not properly treated. In the present thesis regrowth potential of Salmonella Typhimurium, Enterococcus spp. and coliforms in organic waste at psychrophilic and mesophilic temperatures and the time and temperature combinations required for pathogen inactivation during thermal treatments was investigated. This was done with the aim to contribute to hygienically safe recycling of organic waste. Pathogen growth was observed in active compost material as well as in fresh cattle manure. The growth potential decreased with increased maturity of the compost. In thermal treatment of fresh cattle manure, a treatment temperature of 52°C and a retention time of 17.2 h or a temperature of 55°C during 16.9 h were needed to achieve the reduction targets set by current EU regulation in terms of bacterial reduction. However, this time and temperature combination was not sufficient to achieve the reduction target of 3 log10 for parvovirus as a thermoresistant virus. The inactivation rate of Salmonella Senftenberg W775 and Enterococcus spp. were found to increase with increased moisture content whereas the opposite relationship between inactivation rate and moisture content was observed for viruses
The war for talent? The relevance of employer branding in job advertisments for becoming an employer of choice
Immunstimulatoriskt DNA : vikten av bildning av sekundÀrstrukturer och CpG-motiv för induktion/inhibition av IFN-alfa med ODN relaterade till genomet hos porcint circovirus typ 2
Nucleotide sequences containing CpG-motifs are recognized as immunomodulators in pigs among other species. Phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), such as ODN H, have been demonstrated to be potent inducers of interferon-alpha (INF-alpha) in porcine blood mononuclear cells (poPBMC) provided they are pre-treated with LipofectinŸ. In the present study the IFN-alpha inducing activity of ODN H was demonstrated to be altered after addition of poly-G sequences at the 5' and/or 3' end and by increasing the number of nucleotides (nt) in the base-pairing sequence of the ODN. Alterations that facilitated the formation of secondary structures reduced the need for pre-treatment with LipofectinŸ. Furthermore, deliberate destruction of secondary structures by heat-treatment of ODN 2216 reduced the IFN-alpha inducing capacity of that ODN. Thus, results suggest that the stimulatory activity of the ODNs is dependent on secondary structure formation. Other ODNs are recognized as potent inhibitors of the INF-alpha production in poPBMC. The ODN PCV2/1 corresponding to a 20 nt long sequence from the genome of PCV2, has been identified as such an inhibitory ODN. Further, it was demonstrated that the inhibitory capacity of ODN PCV2/1 not depend on the presence of a central CpG-motif. Further, results from the in vitro studies show a significant difference between ODN PCV2/1 found in the genome of PCV2 from healthy pigs in Sweden and ODN PCV2/1S1, which predominates in pigs from farms with PMWS in Sweden. However, the biological significance of these findings remain to be elucidated.Nukleotidsekvenser i mikrobiellt DNA som innehÄller CpG-motiv kan
fungera som immumodulatorer hos bl.a. gris. För att efterlikna detta in
vitro kan man anvÀnda sig av oligodeoxynukleotider (ODN). Vissa
fosfodiester ODN, sÄsom ODN H, har visat sig kunna aktivera vita
blodkroppar sÄ att de producerar interferon-alfa (IFN-a) förutsatt att
oligodeoxynukleotiderna förbehandlats med LipofektinŸ. Denna studie
visar att den IFN-a inducerande förmÄgan hos ODN H kan förÀndras
genom tillsats av poly-G sekvenser till 5â och/eller 3â Ă€nden samt
genom en ökning av antalet nukleotider i den basparande strÀckan. För
att undersöka hur den stimulatoriska aktiviteten pÄverkas av
denaturering utfördes studier pÄ ODN 2216, som har förmÄgan att
baspara med sig sjÀlv. Resultaten visade pÄ en minskning av den IFN-a
inducerande aktiviteten efter denaturering vilket tyder pÄ att den
stimulatoriska aktiviteten hos en ODN Àr beroende av formation av
sekundÀrstrukturer. Andra ODN har visat sig kunna inhiberar IFN-a
produktionen frÄn vita blodkroppar, till dessa hör ODN PCV2/1 som
motsvarar en 20 nt lÄng sekvens som Äterfinns i genomet hos porcint
circovirus typ 2 (PCV2) hos friska grisar i Sverige. In vitro studien
visar att det centrala CpG-motivet inte Àr nödvÀndigt för den
inhiberande förmÄgan hos ODN PCV2/1. Studien visar dock pÄ en
signifikant skillnad mellan den IFN-a inhiberande kapaciten hos ODN
PCV2/1 och ODN PCV2/1S1, som dominerar bland grisar frÄn svenska
besÀttningar med PMWS och saknar det centrala CpG-motivet. Det
kvarstÄr dock att klarlÀgga den bilogiska relevansen av dessa fynd
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