Coherent spin control by electrical manipulation of the magnetic anisotropy

High-spin paramagnetic manganese defects in polar piezoelectric zinc oxide exhibit a simple almost axial anisotropy and phase coherence times of the order of a millisecond at low temperatures. The anisotropy energy is tunable using an externally applied electric field. This can be used to control electrically the phase of spin superpositions and to drive spin transitions with resonant microwave electric fields

Guantanamo Bay Fair Trial Manual for U.S. Military Commissions: An Independent & Objective Guidefor Assessing Human Rights Protections and Interests of the Prosecution, the Defense, Victims and Victims’ Families, Witnesses, the Press, the Court, JTF-GTMO Detention Personnel, NGO Observers and Other Military Commission Stakeholders

poster abstractThis project introduces how in the post-9/11 “War on Terror”, the U.S. transferred 800 prisoners to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In the last 3 years, U.S. Military Commission criminal proceedings began against 7 of these prisoners charged them with crimes including masterminding the 9/11 World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks. Everyone associated with Guantanamo Bay, including these criminal defendants, have the right to a fair trial or related interests. This project categorizes internationally-recognized rights to fair U.S. Military Commission trials, identifies international and U.S. law sources of those rights and interests, and explains how U.S. and international courts have interpreted and applied them. Military Commission stakeholders include defendants, the prosecution, victims and victims’ families, judges, witnesses, media, governments with detained citizens or whose citizens were injured by the alleged crimes, Guantanamo detention staff (JTF – GTMO), and the international and U.S. publics. Guantanamo prisoners not charged with any offenses are also stakeholders. The project explores treaty and customary international law fair trial rights arising under international human rights law, international humanitarian law (“law of armed conflict”), and international criminal law. Treaties that bind the U.S. include the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Geneva Conventions of 1949. These rights and interests are also provided for under U.S. domestic law, including the U.S. Constitution, the Military Commission Act of 2009 and associated Military Commission instruments, and other federal statutes. The project lists hundreds of questions to guide NGO Observers seeking themselves to ascertain whether fair trials rights and interests are being afforded to and met for all Guantanamo Bay Military Commission stakeholders. Project results are incorporated into the 450-page Volume I and Volume II of the Guantanamo Bay Fair Trial Manual, which NGO Observers and others use at Guantanamo Bay to facilitate their work

Order and Civil Liberties: A Complex Role for the Police

The Honorable Edward J. Jeffries was Mayor of the City of Detroit at the time. He was a great mayor; but he had not known that this terror was imminent or that it was even possible. This attitude was shared by most of the city\u27s residents, and to say that Detroit was not ready for this outburst of racial strife would be to put it mildly. In this respect, every mayor in America would find it useful to read a recent journalistic account of the events of that twenty-four-hour period. The authors of this commentary were not very kind in their judgment of Detroit. With the benefit of twenty-two years of hindsight, it is easy to criticize the lack of preparation and the failure of performance which left thirty-six people dead on the streets of Detroit and army units in command of the city. Nevertheless, whatever may have precipitated this violence in 1943, it is clear that in 1965 no one will make excuses for any city\u27s inability to foresee the possibility of racial trouble in any large city in this country. The warnings from the summer of 1964 and the 1965 Los Angeles riot are too recent. Therefore, the following discussion is dedicated to seeking answers-in advance of disaster

Frank Murphy: The Detroit Years

A Review of Frank Murphy: The Detroit Years by Sidney Fin

Catalysis in the Nitration of Toluene to T.N.T. With Application of Physical Methods to the Separation of the Final Nitrobodies

Abstract Not Provided

The United Nations and Human Rights Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) - Seventy-Five Years of Consultations, Collaboration, and Contributions (1945-2000)

At the San Francisco Conference where the United Nations Charter was negotiated, participants and observers included representatives of “societies and organizations”—non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The precise number and identities of those NGOs is unclear, but 42 of the participants were consultants to the U.S. delegation that successfully lobbied for the Charter to include an official relationship between the U.N. and NGOs, and the promotion and protection of human rights. NGOs thus had a profoundly positive impact on the creation of the United Nations. For the first 75 years of the U.N.’s existence, NGOs have played an invaluable role in supporting the U.N. in its multi-varied missions, directly by acting in furtherance of the U.N.’s stated purposes, including regarding human rights, and indirectly by helping affiliated NGOs fulfill their own missions