Liver enzymes serum levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis: a comprehensive review

We reviewed the literature regarding the serum levels of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with and without viral hepatitis. Original articles published up to January 2013 on adult patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis were selected. These articles contained the words “transaminases” “aspartate aminotransferase” “alanine aminotransferase” “gamma glutamyl transferase,” “liver enzymes”, AND “dialysis” OR “hemodialysis”. A total of 823 articles were retrieved. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 49 articles were selected. The patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis had reduced serum levels of aminotransferases due to hemodilution, lower pyridoxine levels, or elevated homocysteine levels. The chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis infected with the hepatitis C virus also had lower aminotransferase levels compared with the infected patients without chronic kidney disease. This reduction is in part due to decreased viremia caused by the dialysis method, the production of a hepatocyte growth factor and endogenous interferon-α, and lymphocyte activation, which decreases viral action on hepatocytes. Few studies were retrieved on gamma-glutamyl transferase serum levels; those found reported that there were no differences between the patients with or without chronic kidney disease. The serum aminotransferase levels were lower in the patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis (with or without viral hepatitis) than in the patients with normal renal function; this reduction has a multifactorial origin

The reduction of serum aminotransferase levels is proportional to the decline of the glomerular filtration rate in patients with chronic kidney disease

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine the serum aminotransferase levels of patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease and establish their relationships with serum creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rate. METHODS: Patients with chronic kidney disease were evaluated between September 2011 and May 2012. Aminotransferase and creatinine serum levels were measured using an automated kinetic method, and glomerular filtration rates were estimated using the Cockroft-Gault and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas to classify patients into chronic kidney disease stages. RESULTS: Exactly 142 patients were evaluated (mean age: 64±16 years). The mean creatinine serum level and glomerular filtration rate were 3.3±1.2 mg/dL and 29.1±13 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Patients were distributed according to their chronic kidney disease stages as follows: 3 (2.1%) patients were Stage 2; 54 (38%) were Stage 3; 70 (49.3%) were Stage 4; and 15 (10.5%) were Stage 5. The mean aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase serum levels showed a reduction in proportion to the increase in creatinine levels (p=0.001 and p=0.05, respectively) and the decrease in glomerular filtration rate (p=0.007 and p=0.028, respectively). Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase serum levels tended to be higher among patients classified as stage 2 or 3 compared with those classified as stage 4 or 5 (p=0.08 and p=0.06, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase serum levels of patients with predialysis chronic kidney disease decreased in proportion to the progression of the disease; they were negatively correlated with creatinine levels and directly correlated with glomerular filtration rate

Nematode-Mycobiota interactions in Pine Wilt Disease

Pine wilt disease is one of the most important diseases for conifer forests worldwide. This complex disease involves the interaction between three primary biological elements - the plant parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus; the insect-vector Monochamus sp., and the host tree Pinus spp. – and other secondary elements such as endophytic bacteria and fungi. The development of B. xylophilus is strongly associated with fungi that colonize the declining trees, with special impact in their reproduction and number of individuals carried by the vector. In light of previous knowledge, we are focused in obtaining a detailed characterization of the structure and dynamics of the nematode-fungi interactions through culturable and non-culturable approaches with particular emphasis in metagenomics analysis. Our aim is to understand if nematode-associated mycobiota plays a key-role in the development of the disease, in interaction with nematode and insect-vector, and into which extend it can be used to disrupt the disease cycle

Imunização ativa contra o virus da Hepatite B com baixas doses da vacina plasma derivada por via intradérmica

Schedule for vaccination against HBV infection has usually been based on three separate injections of 20 meg of the vaccine by intramuscular route. One of the main shortcomings to its use in large scale programs has been its high cost. Ninety out of 300 health workers were submitted to three injections of 2 meg of plasma-derived vaccine (PDV) by intradermal (ID) route on days 0, 30, and 180. Anti-HBs was detected in 74 (82.2%) after the second dose and in 80 (88.9%) after the third dose, a non-significant difference. However, levels above 10 times the cut-off were observed in 29 (32.2%) and 77 (85.5%), respectively (p < 0.001). The results showed that a low-dose schedule is effective when used in health workers and should be tried with other risk groups.O esquema habitualmente utilizado para imunização ativa contra o vírus da hepatite B (VHB) consiste em 3 doses de 20 meg por via intramuscular (IM) no deltóide. Um dos problemas quanto à sua utilização em larga escala refere-se ao seu custo elevado. Poucas publicações têm se referido a doses menores, de 10 meg IM ou 2 meg intradérmica (ID). Pesquisou-se em 300 funcionários da área da saúde o anti-HBc-total. Todos os marcadores foram determinados pela técnica de ELISA. Em 43 (14,3%) o marcador foi positivo, correspondendo a 9 (3,0%) com AgHBs e a 34 (11,3%) com anti-HBs. Aos 257 funcionários sem anti-HBc propôs-se um esquema de vacinação, que foi aceito por 90 (35,0%). Idade média de 37,4 ± 8,4 anos, limites de 22 - 56 anos e 68 do sexo feminino. Esquema: 3 doses de 2 meg por via ID com intervalos de 1 e 6 meses. O anti-HBs, pesquisado após a 2ª dose mostrou-se positivo em 74 (82,2%) e após a 3ª dose em 80 (88,9%) - diferença não significativa. Contudo, a quantificação do anti-HBs mostrou níveis 10 vezes acima do "cut-off em 29 (32,2%) e em 77 (85,5%) após a 2ª e 3ª doses, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Portanto, o esquema proposto mostrou-se válido para este tipo de população e, apesar da freqüência semelhante de sero-conversão após a 2ª e 3ª doses, há necessidade desta última para aumentar o título de anticorpos

Fatores preditivos para resposta da Lamivudine na hepatite crônica B

BACKGROUND: Lamivudine has been shown to be an efficient drug for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment. AIM: To investigate predictive factors of response, using a quantitative method with high sensitivity. METHODS: We carried out a prospective trial of lamivudine in 35 patients with CHB and evidence for viral replication, regardless to their HBeAg status. Lamivudine was given for 12 months at 300 mg daily and 150 mg thereafter. Response was considered when DNA was undetectable by PCR after 6 months of treatment. Viral replication was monitored by end-point dilution PCR. Mutation associated with resistance to lamivudine was detected by DNA sequencing in non-responder patients. RESULTS: Response was observed in 23/35 patients (65.7%) but only in 5/15 (33.3%) HBeAg positive patients. Only three pre-treatment variables were associated to low response: HBeAg (p = 0.006), high viral load (DNA-VHB >; 3 x 10(6) copies/ml) (p = 0.004) and liver HBcAg (p = 0.0028). YMDD mutations were detected in 7/11 non-responder patients. CONCLUSIONS: HBeAg positive patients with high viral load show a high risk for developing drug resistance. On the other hand, HBeAg negative patients show a good response to lamivudine even with high viremia.INTRODUÇÃO: A Lamivudina tem-se mostrado útil no tratamento da hepatite crônica pelo vírus B (HC-VHB). OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores preditivos da resposta à Lamivudina na HC-VHB. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com Lamivudina em 35 pacientes com HC-VHB e evidência de multiplicação viral, independentemente do resultado do AgHBe. Administrou-se a Lamivudina na dose diária de 300 mg por 12 meses, seguida de 150 mg diários. Critério de resposta: DNA-VHB negativo (por técnica de PCR) aos 6 meses de tratamento. Nos pacientes não respondedores, pesquisaram-se mutações associadas com resistência à Lamivudina, através do sequenciamento do DNA viral. RESULTADOS: Observou-se resposta em 23/35 pacientes (65,7%). Dos 15 pacientes com AgHBe positivo antes do tratamento, apenas 5 (33,3%) responderam. As variáveis prévias ao tratamento que puderam prever uma má resposta foram: AgHBe positivo (p = 0,006), carga viral elevada (>; 3 x 10(6) genomas/ml) (p = 0,004) e AgHBc no tecido positivo (p = 0,0028). Mutações na região YMDD foram detectadas em 7/11 pacientes não respondedores. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com AgHBe positivo e com alta carga viral apresentam um alto risco de desenvolver resistência à Lamivudina. Por outro lado, pacientes com AgHBe negativo, mesmo com alta carga viral, mostraram uma boa resposta à Lamivudina

Self-Limited Cytomegalovirus Infection During Natalizumab Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis

Natalizumab is indicated as monotherapy for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis; it prevents outbreaks and delays the progression of physical disability. Here, we report the case of a 30-year-old patient with multiple sclerosis receiving natalizumab as monotherapy who subsequently developed self-limited cytomegalovirus disease. Cytomegalovirus infection has been reported during treatment with natalizumab, and in this study, we use new techniques to analyze the possible association of cytomegalovirus infection with natalizumab

Importance of presumptive diagnosis of encefalic abscess in central nervous system

Introdução: Abscessos cerebrais são caracterizados por uma coleção de exsudato no parênquima encefálico capazes de acometer indivíduos de qualquer idade, raça e sexo. Atenção especial deve ser dada a esses casos, pois sua apresentação clínica pode simular outros agravos, tornando importante ampliar o raciocínio para diversos diagnósticos diferenciais. O presente estudo visa o relato de caso de uma paciente admitida na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sobral com quadro sugestivo de cefaléia secundária. Material e Métodos: MEMA, 22 anos, universitária, evoluiu em 11 dias com cefaléia unilateral em região frontal esquerda e pulsátil. Essa cefaléia tinha caráter habitual, apresentava intensidade progressiva, associava-se a náuseas, melhorava com repouso e analgésicos, não havendo relato de fator desencadeante. Resultados: O exame neurológico evidenciou alteração no estado mental, com déficit de memória imediata e recente, compreensão e nomeação; além de desorientação temporo-espacial. Observou-se na Tomografia Computadorizada de Crânio (TCC) uma imagem hipodensa temporal esquerda, com halo hiperdenso de reforço após administração de contraste. Conclusão: A mortalidade nos pacientes com abscesso cerebral pode variar entre 10-40%, sendo bastante influenciada pelo estado clínico dos pacientes na admissão. Os sinais de alerta da cefaléia, também conhecidos como red flags, são de alto valor preditivo para agravos secundários cerebrais e devem ser considerados pelos profissionais de saúde que atuam em serviço de pronto atendimento. A TCC é uma importante ferramenta de diagnóstico e de avaliação dos abscessos cerebrais, sendo sua precocidade de realização fator prognóstico decisivo para o pacienteIntroduction: Brain abscesses are characterized by a exudate collection in the brain parenchyma able to reach individuals of any age, race and sex. Special attention should be given to these cases because their clinical presentation may mimic other diseases, making it important to extend the reasoning of possible differential diagnoses. This study is a case of a patient admitted to the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sobral with clues suggestive of secondary headache. Methods: MEMA, 22 years, university, developed in eleven days unilateral headache in the left frontal region and pulsatile. The headache was of normal character, intensity was progressive, associated to nausea, improves with rest and analgesics and no reports of triggering factor. Results: Neurological examination revealed changes in mental status, with lack of immediate and recent memory, understanding and naming, in addition to temporo-spatial disorientation. It was observed in CT scan of skull (CTS) a left temporal hypodense image with hyperdense halo of enhancement after administration of contrast. Conclusion: The mortality in patients with brain abscess can vary between 10-40% and is strongly influenced by the clinical status of patients on admission. The warning signs of a headache, also known as red flags, are of high predictive value for secondary brain injuries and should be considered by health professionals who work in service of the emergency room. The CTS is an important tool for diagnosis and assessment of brain abscesses, and its early implementation of decisive prognostic factor for patient

Monkeypox em paciente transplantado hepático

Monkeypox (MKP)é uma zoonose causada por um virus DNA pertencente ao gênero Orthopoxvírus e à família Poxviridae e foi isolado pela primeira vez na Dinamarca em 1958. Em 1970 descreveu-se o primeiro caso em humanos, na República Democrática do Congo e desde então propagou-se com disseminação inter-humana e em julho de 2022 a OMS declarou estado de emergência sanitária. Sua apresentação clínica é semelhante à da varíola, com erupções cutâneas que evoluem como máculas, pápulas, vesículas, pústulas e crostas. O primeiro caso em transplantado foi descrito na Tailândia em junho de 2022, num paciente transplantado de medula. Nesse relato, descrevemos caso de MKP num paciente em pós-operatório de transplante de fígado e discutimos aspectos clínicos nessa situação ainda pouco conhecida entre os transplantadores