Conduct Disorder

Decades of research has shown that youths with conduct disorder (CD) represent a highly heterogeneous population. Over the past 20 years, most of the research and clinical work have focused on two sub-typing approaches to characterize the heterogeneity within CD: (1) the age of onset distinction introduced in DSM-IV and (2) the presence of callous-unemotional traits included as the ``limited prosocial emotion'' specifier within DSM-5. Considering these sub-typing approaches to characterize youths with CD, this chapter selectively reviews the literature on the prevalence and diagnosis of CD, as well as the evidence base on the neurobiological correlates of the disorder identified through genetics, epigenetics, autonomic nervous system responsivity, levels of neurotransmitters, neuropsychological performance, and structural and functional neuroimaging. Next, we highlight the pressing need to further investigate females and the role of sex differences in this population. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of clinical interventions and the long-term outcomes associated with the disorder

Stereochemistry of Bistricyclic Aromatic Enes and Related Polycyclic Systems

Bistricyclic aromatic enes (BAEs) and related polycyclic systems are a class of molecular materials that display a rich variety of conformations, dynamic stereochemistry and switchable chirality, color, and spectroscopic properties. This is due to the a subtle interplay of the inherent preference for planarity of aromatic systems and the competing necessity of non-planarity due to intramolecular overcrowding in the fjord regions built into the general molecular structure of BAEs. The conformational, dynamic, and spectroscopic properties may be designed and fine-tuned, e.g., by variation of the bridging groups X and Y, the overcrowding in the fjord regions, extensions of the aromatic system, or other modifications of the general BAE structure, based on the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships (SPR). The present review provides an analysis of the conformational spaces and the dynamic stereochemistry of overcrowded bistricyclic aromatic enes applying fundamental symmetry considerations. The symmetry analysis presented here allows deeper insight into the conformations, chirality, and the mechanisms of the dynamic stereochemistry, and will be instrumental in future computational studies