Measurement of AChE activity in the brain of sea, well- and river-fed white fish (Rutilus frisi) as a health index

زمینه و هدف: استفاده از سموم ارگانوفسفره به عنوان حشره کش یا علف کش از دیر باز در استان هایی مانند مازندران به علت وفور مزارع کشاورزی رواج داشته است. این سموم سرانجام در چرخه طبیعی حیات قرار گرفته و در نهایت در بدن حیوانات مانند ماهی تجمع یافته و از این طریق به بدن انسان می رسند. پساب و فاضلاب های شیمیائی نیز بطور مشابه به انسان منتقل می شوند این کار تحقیقی به منظور بررسی میزان جذب این سموم در ماهی سفید انجام شده است. روش مطالعه: بدین منظور از روش رنگ سنجی المن در سنجش فعالیت آنزیم کولین استرازاستفاده شد. نمونه های ماهی سفید، از سه منبع دریائی، پرورشی با آب چاه و پرورشی با آب رود خانه هر یک به تعداد 8 نمونه تهیه شدند. نتایج: با محاسبه میانگین جذب قرائت شده از مغز ماهی ها، فعالیت این آنزیم بر اساس فرمول المن به ترتیب 80/3، 38/1 و 22/0 میکرو مول استیل تیو کولین استراز هیدرولیز شده در دقیقه در هر گرم مغز ماهی محاسبه شد. بررسی های آماری توسط Student Newman Kelus testانجام شد. تفاوت معنی داری بین فعالیت این آنزیم در ماهی های سفید دریائی، چاهی و رودخانه ای بدست آمد (001/0

Water quality based on the species composition and abundance of phytoplankton in Shahid Rajaei Dam- MazandaranProvince (Sari)

Shahid Rajaee Dam was constructed on Tajan River (basin of the Caspian Sea) and it is two arch typed. The major objectives of dam instruction are flood control, irrigation purposes, and electricity power. However the dam is going to supply drinking water for the people. In order to prevent threats of unsuitable water to human health risks and economic losses, it is necessary to monitor the water quality before offering it to people. Many of algal blooms happening in Dams indicate that microbial evaluation is necessary but it is not sufficient.in water quality assessmens. Therefore in order for comprehensive evaluation of water quality, phytoplankton structure and population studied in the reservoir, then some water quality indices calculated based on the obtained information. Seasonal sampling was carried out in the year of 2012. However in summer monthly sampling was performed due to the increasing of algal blooms probability. Water samples were collected in 4 stations which were located entrances of Shirin Rood and Sefid Rood to the lake of dam, Cross of the two entrances and near the crest respectively. Based on the results, 107 phytoplankton species were identified during the period of study. The species were classified in 8 divisions namely Bacillariophyta, Pyrrophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Xantophyta and Cryptophyta. The numbers of species were 27, 22, 17, 26, 10, 3, 1 and 1 respectively in each phylum. Maximum and minimum values of mean (SE) abundance observed in July and January, 661 (±286) and 10 (±2) million cells/m^3 respectively at the surface layer. The values for biomass were 9264(±3242) and 103(±15) mg/m^3 which were recorded at the same months. The One way analysis of abundance and biomass data showed temporal significant variances (P 0/05). Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta formed more than 95% of phytoplankton abundance and biomass. Abundance percentage of Bacillariophyta was slightly higher than Pyrrophyta While biomass percentage of Pyrrophyta was about 3 fold of the Bacillariophyta. 3 dominant species namely, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Goniaulax polyedra and Ceratium hirundinella formed about 70% of phytoplankton aboundance. Comparison of diversity indices (Shannon and Evenness) showed higher values in May and January; however the indices reached its lowest level (0.58 and 0.16) in August. Water quality assessment using Shannon index showed the lowest quality of water (moderately to high polluted) in July and August. This index demonstrated the highest water quality (slightly polluted) at station 1 and 4 respectively. The results of the water quality assessment using Saproby index (based on the resistant phytoplankton species to organic pollution) also indicated to organic pollution of water in the months of summer. The saproby assessment in stations categorized most of the stations in “moderately polluted” class of organic pollution except at station 4 which was in "slightly polluted" class. In conclusion, the removal (transfer) place and time of water to the water treatment plants.are impratnt because of temporal and spatial variation of water quality due to changes of phytoplankton structure in Shahid Rajaee Reservoir

Study on abundance and diversity species of phytoplankton with emphasis on potential of algal bloom in the southern part of the Caspian Sea-Mazandaran Providence

This study was conducted to determine of phytoplankton abundance and diversity of water and their spatial and temporal fluctuations in the Mazandaran coastal of Caspian Sea in 6 months, at 4 transects (Tonekabon, Nowshahr, Babolsar, Amirabad) during different season of 2012-2013. 72 samples were collected at surface layer of water in 5, 15 and 30 m depths. The samples were analyzed based on the standard methods. 112 species contributed in phytoplankton community structure which where classified in 9 phyla namly: Bacillariophyta (42 species), Pyrrophyta (18 species), Cyanophyta (14 species), Chlorophyta (15 species), Euglenophyta (11 species), Cryptophyta (2 species), Chrysophyta (3 species), Haptophyta (1 species) and Xantophyta (1 species). Meanwhile small flagellate algae with Maximum Linear Dimension (MLD) <10 µ observed which they classified in small flagellates. Mean annual phytoplankton abundance with standard error obtained 164±32 million Cells/m^3. Seasonal study showed that phytoplankon abndance of summer was 1.5 folds of spring. The value in auttuman was same as spring, however it increased sharply in winter. The mean phytoplankton abundance of winter was 5 folds of the other seasons. Mean phytoplankton abundance of Tonkabon and Nowshahr (west transects) were 1.6 and 2 folds of Amirabad (east transect), respectively. Bacillariophyta with 89 percent of total abundance was the predominant phylum and Pyrrophyta was the second one. The third and fourth of dominant phyla were Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta, respectively. Chrysophyta and small flagellates showed equal percentage of abundance (1.4 percent of total abundance). Monthly study showed that Chaetoceros throndsenii was the first dominant species in Ordibehesht, Tir and Shahrivar. However, the first dominant species in Aban, Day and Esfand were Thalassionema nitzschioides, Skeletonema costatum and Pseudonitzschia seratia respectively. Mean phytoplankton biomass calculated 156.5 ± 18.1 during the study period. The mean of biomass was higher in summer and winter than the two other seasons. Phytoplankton biomass was formed mainly by Bacillariophyta and Pyrrophyta in all seasons. The highest biomass were belonged to Cyclotella meneghiniana and Coscinodiscus jonesianus (Bacillariophyta) in spring and summer respectively.While in fall and winter Prorocentrum proximum was in the first place of dominat species. Small size and flagellates species of different phyla (Chrysophyta, Bacillariophyt...) had importance role for determination of ecological and water quality conditions during spring to autuman. The increasing of phytoplankton abundance within these times indicates to regeneration of nutrients or entrainment of nutrient-rich deep water. Dominant species were observed in single forms, small filament and loose colonies during spring to autuman. However, these form shifted to fair-long chains form in winter which it indicates to nutrient-rich water was brought to the surface by vertical mixing process. It seems that environmental stress and instability of ecosystem was benefit to Chaetoceros throndsenii and Pseudonitzschia seriata which are known as species with bloom potential. Ability of reproduction in sewage environment (Chaetoceros throndsenii) and toxin production (Pseudonitzschia seriata) are the ecological and physiological significant characters of the two species

Study on some physico-chemical parameters in the southern of Caspian Sea- Mazandarn Province

This study was conducted to determine physico-chemical characteristics of water and their spatial and temporal fluctuations in the Mazandaran coastal of Caspian Sea in 6 months, four seasons at 4 transects (Tonekabon, Nowshahr, Babolsar, Amirabad) during 2012-2013. 72 samples were collected at surface layer of water in 5, 15 and 30m depths. Then the sampls analyzed based on standard methods. Results showed that the mean of water and air temperature were 19.46±0.85 and 20.25±0.78◦C, respectively. Minimum and maximum of water temperature were recorded in winter (7.00) and summer time (28.10). Mean of salinity was 12.35±0.13 ppt. The maximum salinity was recorded in summer and minimum in winter in all transects. Mean of transparency (SD) in the present study was 2.63±0.18m. The mean of pH was observed 8.51±0.02 which was higher than the previous sampling periods. The mean of DO was observed 6.00±0.07 ml/l during sampling period. Annual concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN= NH4 +, NO2-, NO3-) has a fairly wide variation in different months and transects. Percentage of nitrogen components out of DIN were varied 6-53, 0.14-26.0 and 37.0-94.0 respectively. In this study, percentage of DIN was lower than 15% and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was higher than 80%. Mean of annual dissolved inorganic phosphorous (DIP) and organic phosphorous were 0.58± 0.04 and 0.48± 0.02 µM, respectively. DIP and DOP percentages recorded 54 and 46 respectively. Mean annual of dissolved silicon (DSi) obtained 9.5± 0.2 µM. Based on the results, the system was in phosphorus limitation during spring and summer but it shifted to nitrogen limitation in autumn and winter. Phytoplankton development was not limited by DSi at any seasons

Determination of chlorophyll-a fluctuations and its relations with abiotic factors and phytoplankton community with emphasis on bloom potential in the southeast Caspian Sea water (Mazandaran-Goharbaran) in order the feasibility of marine cage culture

Concentration of chlorophyll-a and quantitative feature of phytoplankton are major concern in primary production estimation and prediction of probably algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems. The subject has important role in development and sustainable exploitation of marine culture. The goals of the project are study of chlorophyll-a concentration changes and its relations to variations of phytoplankton community structure parameters and abiotic factors (environmental and nutrients matters) in the costal waters of the Caspian Sea- Goharbaran region during 2013-2014. Monthly water samples were collected from different layers (surface, 5 and 10m) and depths (5, 10 and 15 m). The minimum mean (±SE) of abundance and biomass reported in spring (39± 9 million cells/m^3) and summer (94± 40 mg/m^3) respectively. The results showed maximum abundance (553± 58 million cells/m^3) and biomass (1209± 106 mg/m^3) in winter season. The minimum and maximum mean (±SE) values of chlorophyll-a recorded in spring (0.60± 0.05) and autumn (4.56± 0.23) mg/m^3, respectively. The changes trend of field chlorophyll-a concentration was confirmed by satelit data. Bacillariophyta showed the highest percent abundance in all seasons except in summer which it was for chlorophyta phylum. Pyrrophyta was the second dominant phylum in winter as well as spring; however its contribution in phytoplankton abundance of winter was low. The first dominant abundance species in spring, summer, fall and winter were Prorocentrum cordatum, Binuclearia lauterbornii, Thalassionema nitzschioides and Pseudonitzschia seriata respectively. Based on the results the species of Prorocentrum (scutellum+ proximum+obtusum) in spring and fall seasons, Cyclotella menenghiniana in summer and Pseudonitzschia seriata in winter showed the highest role in phytoplankton biomass forming. chlorophyll-a concentration showed significant Pearson correlations with biomass of total phytoplankton, bacillariophyta, pyrrophyta and chlorophyta phyla, dominant species, size cells of dominant species, water temperature, clearancy, nutrients matters. The study showed that chlorophyll-a cells content of winter dominant species was lower than fall dominant species. The Change of seasonal taxonomic phytoplankton pattern showed important role in relationship between chlorophyll-a cells content with biotic and abiotic factors. Meanwhile the values of temperature, nutrient matters, pH, pattern of dominant phytoplankton species showed significant roles on decoupling between chlorophyll-a and biomass changes pattern. The critical time of algal bloom recorded from September to January and March based on chlorophyll-a concentration. Spatial critical algal bloom was more obvious on surface water from October to December based on chlorophyll-a concentration. Pseudonitzschia seriata and Binuclearia lauterbornii species classified in medium bloom threshold (in winter and summer respectively) in all sampling depths. However Thalassionema nitzschioides (in fall) was in medium bloom threshold in 10 and 15m depths. As conclusion, in order to estimate logic primary production and predict algal blooms in the cage and pen culture sites it is necessary that all phytoplankton parameters such as chlorophyll-a concentration, biomass, abundance, shape, size, biological and ecological chracterstics of dominant species are considered. Because changes in the chlorophyll-biomass relationship could lead to obviouse errors interpretation of results and as well as unexpected field observations

Iranian joint registry (iranian national hip and knee arthroplasty registry)

Periodic evaluation and monitoring the health and economic outcome of joint replacement surgery is a common and popular process under the territory of joint registries in many countries. In this article we introduce the methodology used for the foundation of the National Iranian Joint Registry (IJR) with a joint collaboration of the Social Security Organization (SSO) and academic research departments considering the requirements of the Iran's Ministry of Health and Education. ©BY THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY

Iranian joint registry (iranian national hip and knee arthroplasty registry)

Periodic evaluation and monitoring the health and economic outcome of joint replacement surgery is a common and popular process under the territory of joint registries in many countries. In this article we introduce the methodology used for the foundation of the National Iranian Joint Registry (IJR) with a joint collaboration of the Social Security Organization (SSO) and academic research departments considering the requirements of the Iran's Ministry of Health and Education. ©BY THE ARCHIVES OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY

Extraction and camparison of amount of pectin, degree of estrification and galacturonic acidcontent in some citrus fruit peels

Background and purpose: Pectin is widely used in food, cosmetic and drug industries. Because of high production and consumption of citrus fruits in Mazandaran, fruit peel is available in large quantities. The objective of the current investigation was to determine the amount of pectin, degree of estrification, a key factor in rheological properties of pectin, and galacturonic acid content as a criterion for pectin purity.Materials and Methods: Thirteen species of commonly used citrus fruits, orange cultivates (Citrus sinensis; Washington navel, Sanguinello, Valencia, Acidless, Moro, Shahsavari, Italian orange), Clementine, Unshiu, Grapefruit (C. paradisi), Bitter (sour) orange (C. aurantium), Lemon (C. limon) and Tangelo were collected at the ripening stage. All the trees were cultivated in the experimental fields, Fajr citrus experimental institute. Amount of pectin was determined by acidic extraction from dry albedos of fruits. Degree of estrification and galacturonic acid content were determined by USP standard titrimetric procedure.Results: The highest amount of pectin was found in Italian orange (27%), Shahsavari orange (25%) and Sanguinello (20 %) on the basis of dry weight. The highest degree of estrification (11.5% , 10.9% and 9.6%) was found in Lemon, Washington navel and Bitter (sour) orange respectively. The highest galacturonic acid contents were found in Washington navel, Lemon and Italian orange (89.3, 85.4 and 77.7 respectively).Conclusion: Six fruits were suitable for utilization in drug industries including: Washington navel, Acidless, Shahsavari, Italian orange, Bitter (sour) orange (C. aurantium), Lemon (C. limon). Washington navel and Lemon had the most suitable pectin for pharmaceutical purpose