Основные формы межгосударственного сотрудничества в сфере миграции

Unity of all movements of the population covered by the concept of migration as a subject of international legal regulation, in terms of risks and the potential for States, societies and individuals objectively pushes States to a comprehensive approach towards the phenomenon of migration. Inter-State cooperation on migration issues is being developed in different forms: treaty form and non-treaty form. And in all cases a share of inconsistency remains. Cooperation of States in the form of international agreements has not resulted yet in a comrehensive treaty on migration, on the contrary, the demand for such a treaty still follows from the analysis of only non-legally binding instruments, such as those by the UN General Assembly. Nowadays, one can only single out the blocks on the most important aspects of migration, e.g. human rights, fight against crime, etc., i.e. agreements developed as part of other branches of public international law, but applicable to the situation of migration. The exception here is refugee law that developed more or less on its own. However it covers one problem of migration out of many, and, thus, is an exception that proves the rule. Non-treaty (or institutional) form of cooperation of States also lacks a single unit, authorized by States to a comprehensive approach towards migration aimed at developing the commitments (obligations) in this area and control mechanisms over the execution of those commitments. There are a lot of international intergovernmental organizations touching migration within their respective competences. Duplication of their activity is monitored through coordination mechanisms. States' need for cooperation is further satisfied through non-binding «processes», «fora», «initiatives» operating at regional and universal levels. Author's opinion on the root-cause of the situation lies in the belief that effective and transparent co-operation can only be based on the true coordination of the wills of the States, whereas at present, the discussions of migration topics at the universal level are based on systematically distorted data, despite all the calls for the creation of the reliable multifaceted factological base. It seems to the author that the latest plans to develop by 2018 global compacts on migration and refugees, correspondingly, are not capable of radically changing the situation.Единство всех перемещений населения, охватываемых понятием миграции как предмета международно-правового регулирования, в плане рисков и потенциала для государств, обществ и частных лиц объективно подвигает государства к комплексному взгляду на этот феномен. Межгосударственное сотрудничество по вопросам миграции развивается в договорных и внедоговорных формах, и во всех случаях сохраняется некоторая непоследовательность подходов. Сотрудничество государств в форме заключения международных договоров на данный момент не имеет результатом единого договора по миграции. Между тем потребность в таковом следует из содержания юридически необязательных документов, в частности, Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН. Пока имеются только условно группируемые блоки по важнейшим аспектам миграции, т.е. договоры, сложившиеся в рамках иных отраслей международного публичного права (права прав человека, борьбы с преступностью и др.), но применимые к ситуациям миграции. Исключение составляет сложившееся самостоятельно право беженцев, но оно охватывает лишь одну проблему миграции из многих. Внедоговорное (условно - организационное) сотрудничество государств также лишено единого звена, уполномоченного государствами на комплексный подход к миграции с целью выработки обязательств в этой сфере и контроля за их исполнением. Существует множество международных межправительственных организаций, затрагивающих миграционную проблематику в качестве элемента своей компетенции. Дублирование их деятельности отслеживается через механизмы координации. Потребности же государств в сотрудничестве дополнительно удовлетворяются через юридически необязательные «процессы», «форумы», «инициативы», действующие на региональном и универсальном уровне. Авторский взгляд на причину сложившейся ситуации заключается в том, что эффективным и прозрачным может быть только сотрудничество, основанное на действительном согласовании воль государств. В настоящее же время, вопреки всем призывам к созданию достоверной многоохватной фактологической базы, обсуждение миграционной тематики на универсальном уровне опирается на систематически искажаемые данные. Представляется, что последние планы по разработке к 2018 г. глобальных рамочных договоров по проблемам миграции и беженцев не способны кардинально изменить положение

ИТОГИ XVI МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО КОНГРЕССА «БЛИЩЕНКОВСКИЕ ЧТЕНИЯ». Россия, Москва, РУДН, 14 апреля 2018 г.

On April 14, 2018, the Department of International Law, Law Institute, RUDN University held the annual XVI Annual Blischenko Congress. The main work of the Blischenko Congress traditionally took place in sections focused on the main branches of international law. Co-organizers of the International Congress were international organizations, representative offices and departments. This research event was organized with grant support from: Russian Foundation for Basic Research; the grant of the President of the Russian Federation for the state support of young researches; grant of the Russian Science Foundation.В апреле 2018 года кафедра международного права юридического института Российского университета дружбы народов провела ежегодный, XVI по счету, Международный конгресс «Блищенковские чтения». Основная работа «Блищенковских чтений» традиционно прошла в секциях, ориентированных по основным отраслям и направлениям международного права. Соорганизаторами Международного конгресса «Блищенковские чтения» выступили международные организации, министерства и ведомства. Данный научный форум был организован при грантовой поддержке: Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований (РФФИ); гранта Президента РФ для государственной поддержки молодых ученых; гранта Российского научного фонда

Methodology for the Formation of Professional Competence of Students in the Field of Gardening

В статье представлена методика формирования профессиональной компетентности будущих садоводов.The article presents the method of formation of professional competence of future gardeners

Понятие дискриминации применительно к праву на свободу мысли, совести и религии: международно-правовые нормы и практика международных универсальных и региональных правозащитных структур

The article is a research of the existing international legal framework for combating discrimination, with particular emphasis on the applicability of that framework to the protection of Christians from unjust unequal treatment. The author employs the provisions of international law on non-discrimination on the one hand, and, on the other hand, on the protection of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The goal of the work is achieved through disclosing the main approaches to discrimination in general, highlighting certain types of discrimination that are particularly relevant to discrimination against Christians, through aggregating organizational forms of interstate cooperation on discrimination in the right to freedom of religion with particular attention to protecting Christians from discrimination, and through studying the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion resulting in identification of aspects that closely link the proclaimed freedom and practice of its discriminatory violations against Christians. Examples of regional norms of international law, including their international legal interpretation, are taken mainly from the practice of the Council of Europe, country examples are taken from European countries.Статья посвящена исследованию существующих международно-правовых основ противодействия дискриминации с особым акцентом на применимость их к защите христиан от несправедливо неравного обращения. Автор опирается на положения международного права о недискриминации с одной стороны, и о защите права на свободу мысли, совести и религии с другой. Цель работы достигается через раскрытие основных подходов к дискриминации в целом, выделение отдельных видов дискриминации, особо значимых применительно к дискриминации христиан, через обобщение организационных форм межгосударственного сотрудничества по вопросам дискриминации в праве на свободу вероисповедания с особым вниманием к защите от дискриминации христиан и через исследование содержания права на свободу мысли, совести и религии с выявлением аспектов, тесно связывающих провозглашенную свободу и практику ее дискриминационного нарушения применительно к христианам. Примеры региональных норм международного права, включая их международно-правовую интерпретацию, взяты преимущественно из практики Совета Европы, страновые примеры - по европейским государствам

Intersections of Migration and Education from the Perspective of International Law

In context of reviewing several Sustainable Development Goals through the mechanism of UN High-level Political Forum in 2019, the purpose of this paper is to enrich the dialogue on the interconnection and mutual influence between different goals in the example of Goals 4, 8 and 10 relating to migration and education. Both migration and education can be found in the Declaration, and goals and targets, specifically. The issues of migration and education are intertwined in many aspects. The three points were chosen from the many mentioned in the development agenda, which are the access of migrant children to education, the quality of that education in context of integration problems faced by children and educational systems and education in the field of migration, and academic migration. As an illustration to the problems raised, the experience of the Russian Federation is taken, as this country is in the top-list of migrants receiving states for years. Education on migration is taken at the example of the most settled part of migration sphere in law, which is the refugee law, with the links between theory and clinical experience of law students. Finally, the academic migration is touched upon through concepts of "brain drain", "brain circulation" and "brain waste"

INTEGRATION EXAMINATION FOR MIGRANTS IN RUSSIA: LEGAL REGULATION AND METHODICAL PROVISION

The aim of this article lies in the consideration of integration examination on Russian as a foreign language, history of Russia and basics of the Russian legal system for different categories of migrants in Russia. In the article the legal and methodical aspects of the complex examination introduction and the principles of the examination are analysed. The dialectical method, synthesis and theoretical approaches are used for the elaboration of the legal basis, testing and preparatory materials for introduction of the complex examination. The paper proves that the implementation of such examination will play the role of integration factor prescribed to it

Russia introduces integration examination for migrants: Some legal aspects

Having a two years’ experience in language tests for limited categories of migrants, Russia introduces an examination in the Russian language, history of Russia and the basics of the Russian legal system for a wider list of foreigners from January 1, 2015. The article reflects legal regulation of the examination introduction. Special attention is given to the development of the legal module of the exam up to the present moment. © 2015, Review of European Studies. All right reserved

Ban on the hijab at school: Human rights against migration background

Russia has only recently faced the problem of wearing hijabs in educational organizations within the last three years, while in Western Europe the debate on this issue has not subsided for several decades. Due to the fact that the common position has not been worked out, it seems important to examine the compliance of the ban on wearing Islamic headscarves in educational institutions with international instruments enshrining the right to education and freedom of conscience and religion, to analyze the position of the Russian Federation through the example of specific legal measures undertaken to solve the situation within the Stavropol region and the latest document published by the Interreligious Council of Russia (issued on March 26, 2015), as well as to analyze the opinion of the European Court of Human Rights stated in the case "Leyla Sahin against Turkey" (2005). A separate issue on the topic concerns the proportionality of the rules on hijabs in their application to and their effect on local and migrant populations of certain states. © 2015, Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. All rights reserved

Migration of Health Personnel: Between Human Rights and International Legal Regulation of Migration

Migration of health personnel is a phenomenon that is governed by law at the intersection of the tendencies peculiar to human rights protection as a branch of public international law and to international legal regulation of migration. However, this intersection looks like not realized by the states and is quite different from the increasing role of the human rights-based approach in the international legal regulation of migration. In a part of human rights protection, the extensive work is carried out by the World Health Organization and the United Nations treaty bodies, who detail the content of the right to health. In a part of international legal regulation of migration, the sensitivity of states towards taking additional legal commitments regarding the international movements of people remains. Upon that being states, while the human rights-based approach towards migration represents generally the application of existing treaty obligations of states in the field of human rights to migration sphere, migration of health personnel reveals that the states strive to remain in frames of ethical, not legal impositions, even if that demands the distortion of the most important international legal documents

The Concept of Mixed Migration Flows and International Legal Regulation of Migration

The concept of mixed migration flows is one of the key components of the comprehensive approach to international legal regulation of migration. Whereas international cooperation on the issues of migration has its most considerable outcomes in specific fields, not in the overall view or framework for international legal regulation of migration taken as a whole, differentiating between flows, that are governed separately, represents for states more a subject of concern than that of clarity and action. The present article offers a view on the emergence, evolution, application in the practice of the leading specialized international interstate organizations and prospectives of the further development of the mixed migration flows concept, elaborated on basis of relevant normative and doctrinal sources including the most recent ones