Influence of cyst maturation on apparent population increases of Heterodera schachtii on root remnants

Trois expériences ont été réalisées pour étudier le développement des nématodes à kyste de la betterave, #Heterodera schachtii, sur des plantes hôtes défoliées. Lors d'une expérience en micro-parcelles, la respiration des racines de chou diminue dans les racines infestées par #H. schachtii prélevées à intervalles réguliers. Lors d'une expérience en serre, la proportion de kystes bruns et le nombre de kystes par gramme de racine s'accroît avec le temps, que les plants soient défoliés ou non. Une troisième expérience, conduite en sacs, a révélé que les kystes mûrissent et que le nombre d'oeufs augmente dans les racines de plantes défoliées. Ces résultats démontrent que, sur des racines isolées de la tige, les kystes blancs mûrissent en devenant bruns, le nombre d'oeufs par kyste augmente et les juvéniles peuvent éclore à partir des oeufs. De ce fait, le nombre de kystes peut sembler s'accroître en l'absence de plante hôte si des racines vivantes demeurent dans le sol. La raison en est que kystes et oeufs continuent à se développer et aussi que les techniques d'extraction sont axées sur les kystes bruns. En conséquence, l'estimation de la densité de population peut être influencée par le moment du prélèvement en relation avec le développement du nématode sur les fragments de racines. Les stratégies de lutte fondées sur l'estimation de la densité des oeufs devraient donc tenir compte d'une augmentation possible de la densité des kystes due à ceux présents sur les restes de racines. (Résumé d'auteur

Dynamic brittle material response based on a continuum damage model

The response of brittle materials to dynamic loads was studied in this investigation based on a continuum damage model. Damage mechanism was selected to be interaction and growth of subscale cracks. Briefly, the cracks are activated by bulk tension and the density of activated cracks are described by a Weibull statistical distribution. The moduli of a cracked solid derived by Budiansky and O`Connell are then used to represent the global material degradation due to subscale cracking. This continuum damage model was originally developed to study rock fragmentation and was modified in the present study to improve on the post-limit structural response. The model was implemented into a transient dynamic explicit finite element code PRONTO 2D and then used for a numerical study involving the sudden stretching of a plate with a centrally located hole. Numerical results characterizing the dynamic responses of the material were presented. The effect of damage on dynamic material behavior was discussed

On the Rigorous Derivation of the 3D Cubic Nonlinear Schr\"odinger Equation with A Quadratic Trap

We consider the dynamics of the 3D N-body Schr\"{o}dinger equation in the presence of a quadratic trap. We assume the pair interaction potential is N^{3{\beta}-1}V(N^{{\beta}}x). We justify the mean-field approximation and offer a rigorous derivation of the 3D cubic NLS with a quadratic trap. We establish the space-time bound conjectured by Klainerman and Machedon [30] for {\beta} in (0,2/7] by adapting and simplifying an argument in Chen and Pavlovi\'c [7] which solves the problem for {\beta} in (0,1/4) in the absence of a trap.Comment: Revised according to the referee report. Accepted to appear in Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysi

Influence of \u3ci\u3eLysobacter enzymogenes\u3c/i\u3e Strain C3 on Nematodes

Chitinolytic microflora may contribute to biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes by causing decreased egg viability through degradation of egg shells. Here, the influence of Lysobacter enzymogenes strain C3 on Caenorhabditis elegans, Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne javanica, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Aphelenchoides fragariae is described. Exposure of C. elegans to L. enzymogenes strain C3 on agar resulted in almost complete elimination of egg production and death of 94% of hatched juveniles after 2 d. Hatch of H. schachtii eggs was about 50% on a lawn of L. enzymogenes strain C3 on agar as compared to 80% on a lawn of E. coli. Juveniles that hatched on a lawn of L. enzymogenes strain C3 on agar died due to disintegration of the cuticle and body contents. Meloidogyne javanica juveniles died after 4 d exposure to a 7-d-old chitin broth culture of L. enzymogenes strain C3. Immersion of A. fragariae, M. javanica, and P. penetrans juveniles and adults in a nutrient broth culture of L. enzymogenes strain C3 led to rapid death and disintegration of the nematodes. Upon exposure to L. enzymogenes strain C3 cultures in nutrient broth, H. schachtii juveniles were rapidly immobilized and then lysed after three days. The death and disintegration of the tested nematodes suggests that toxins and enzymes produced by this strain are active against a range of nematode species

Pair excitations and the mean field approximation of interacting Bosons, I

In our previous work \cite{GMM1},\cite{GMM2} we introduced a correction to the mean field approximation of interacting Bosons. This correction describes the evolution of pairs of particles that leave the condensate and subsequently evolve on a background formed by the condensate. In \cite{GMM2} we carried out the analysis assuming that the interactions are independent of the number of particles $N$. Here we consider the case of stronger interactions. We offer a new transparent derivation for the evolution of pair excitations. Indeed, we obtain a pair of linear equations describing their evolution. Furthermore, we obtain apriory estimates independent of the number of particles and use these to compare the exact with the approximate dynamics

Experimental analysis of a window air conditioner with a R-22 and R32/R125/R134a mixture

Much experimental and theoretical analysis of potential R-22 replacements has been accomplished. However, published information about the experimental analysis of any off-the-shelf air conditioner with a potential R-22 replacement at realistic, operating conditions is still rare. This type of work could be useful because it provides baseline data for comparing the performance of R-22 and its potential replacement at drop-in conditions. In this study, an off-the-shelf window air conditioner was tested at Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI)-rated indoor conditions and at different ambient temperatures, including the ARI-rated outdoor condition, with R-22 and with its potential replacement, a ternary mixture of R-32(30%)/R-125(10%)/R-134a(60%) (the ternary mixture). A test rig was built that provided for baseline operation and for the option of operating the system with a flooded evaporator by means of liquid over-feeding (LOF). The test results indicated the cooling capacity of the ternary mixture was 7.7% less than that of R-22 at 95{degrees}F ambient for baseline operation. The cooling capacity for both refrigerants improved when a flooded evaporator, or LOF, was used. For LOF operation, the cooling capacity of the ternary mixture was only 1.1% less than that of R-22. The ternary mixture had slightly higher compressor discharge pressure, a lower compressor discharge temperature, slightly lower compressor power consumption, and a higher compressor high/low pressure ratio

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger nonlocality for continuous variable systems

As a development of our previous work, this paper is concerned with the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) nonlocality for continuous variable cases. The discussion is based on the introduction of a pseudospin operator, which has the same algebra as the Pauli operator, for each of the $N$ modes of a light field. Then the Bell-CHSH (Clauser, Horne, Shimony and Holt) inequality is presented for the $N$ modes, each of which has a continuous degree of freedom. Following Mermin's argument, it is demonstrated that for $N$-mode parity-entangled GHZ states (in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space) of the light field, the contradictions between quantum mechanics and local realism grow exponentially with $N$, similarly to the usual $N$-spin cases.Comment: RevTEX; comments are welcomed; new version with minor change

Entangled qutrits violate local realism stronger than qubits - an analytical proof

In Kaszlikowski [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 85}, 4418 (2000)], it has been shown numerically that the violation of local realism for two maximally entangled $N$-dimensional ($3 \leq N$) quantum objects is stronger than for two maximally entangled qubits and grows with $N$. In this paper we present the analytical proof of this fact for N=3.Comment: 5 page

Spurious states in the Faddeev formalism for few-body systems

We discuss the appearance of spurious solutions of few-body equations for Faddeev amplitudes. The identification of spurious states, i.e., states that lack the symmetry required for solutions of the Schroedinger equation, as well as the symmetrization of the Faddeev equations is investigated. As an example, systems of three and four electrons, bound in a harmonic-oscillator potential and interacting by the Coulomb potential, are presented.Comment: 11 pages. REVTE