Electric And Magnetic Fields Applied To Peripheral Nerve Regeneration [campos Elétricos E Magnéticos Aplicados à Regeneração Nervosa Periférica]

Introduction. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) may be applied to the human body with rehabilitative goals. Injury to peripheral nerve tissue differs from the lesion in the central nervous system because it presents a great potential for axonal regeneration. physiological effects are associated to exposure to EMFs, such as analgesia, vasodilation, muscle contraction and, especially, tissue regeneration. Objective. The paper aim is present and explore new applications of EMF in the rehabilitation of peripheral nerve tissue. Method. Literature search was undertaken on the bases Springer, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, CAPES periodicals portal between the years 1972 to 2009, using the terms: Magnetic fields; Nerve regeneration; Peripheral nerve; Axonal regeneration; Electrical regeneration; Peripheral nerve regeneration. Results. The selected parameters for EMFs vary widely: for electric fields, it is used pulse width (on time) from 65 μμs up to 100 μμs, frequency range up to 250 Hz and amplitude varying from 0,1 V/m to 4 V/m. For magnetic fields, intensity varies between 4.35 μT and 8 T and frequency, between 0 and 54 GHz. Conclusion. results related to axonal elongation and guidance, protein increment, genetic changes and reduction of the total time of regeneration. 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Triaxial Mechanomyography Of The Biceps Brachii Muscle During Sustained Submaximal Isometric Contractions

The biceps brachii (BB) is a bi-articular muscle that acts in the elbow and shoulder joints. Mechanomyography (MMG) is a technique that uses accelerometers to monitor the muscle waves. The aim of this study is to model the behavior of BB MMG signals and elbow torque during sustained sub-maximal isometric contractions. Three MMG axes (Z, Y and X) and torque were recorded from BB during sustained elbow flexion at 70% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and kept the longest time the volunteers could get. MMG and torque signals were analyzed in 3 different (Initial, Middle and Final) time windows (TW) with 1s duration specific to the protocol. Temporal parameters [Absolute mean, root mean square (RMS), number of zero-crossings, peak count, and absolute integral] were calculated for all signals and every TW. The ANOVA analysis showed that absolute mean, RMS and absolute integral parameters presented statistical difference only for X axis (accelerations in the proximal-distal direction) increasing amplitude with time. The Z axis (accelerations in the anterior-posterior direction) showed decrease of the zero-crossings in the first half of the test and had a second decrease between the Middle TW and the Final TW, but no difference was observed at any moment on X axis during this analysis. The unique parameter that presented statistical difference for all axis (Z, X, Y) and modulus among the three TW was number of peak counts and only X axis is not different between the Initial and Middle TWs. One possible hypothesis would be a tension increase in muscles that actuate on the scapula since the direction of the action force is parallel to the X axis. A purely spectral parameters analysis could help comprehending what does occur with MMG signal in sustained submaximal isometric contractions.25415021505Edman, K.A., Lou, F., Myofibrillar fatigue versus failure of activation during repetitive stimulation of frog muscle fibres (1992) J Physiol, 457, pp. 655-673Curtin, N.A., Edman, K.A., Force-velocity relation for frog muscle fibres: Effects of moderate fatigue and of intracellular acidification (1994) J Physiol, 475, pp. 483-494Brozovich, F.V., Pollack, G.H., Muscle contraction generates discrete sound bursts (1983) Biophys J, 41, pp. 35-40Orizio, C., Perini, R., Veicsteinas, A., Muscular sound and force relationship during isometric contraction in man (1989) Eur J Appl Physiol, 58, pp. 528-533Orizio, C., Perini, R., Veicsteinas, A., Changes of muscular sound during sustained isometric contraction up to exhaustion (1989) J Appl Physiol, 66, pp. 1593-1598Shinohara, M., Kouzaki, M., Yoshihisa, T., Mechanomyogram from the different heads of the quadriceps muscle during incremental knee extension (1998) Eur J Appl Physiol, 78, pp. 289-295Zagar, T., Krizaj, D., Validation of an accelerometer for determination of muscle belly radial displacement (2005) Med Biol Eng Comput, 43, pp. 78-84Yoshitake, Y., Shinohara, M., Ue, H., Characteristics of surface mechanomyogram are dependent on development of fusion of motor units in humans (2002) J Appl Physiol, 93, pp. 1744-1752Goldenberg, M.S., Yack, H.J., Cerny, F.J., Acoustic myography as an indicator of force during sustained contractions of a small hand muscle (1991) J Appl Physiol, 70, pp. 87-91Dalton, P.A., Stokes, M.J., Frequency of acoustic myography during isometric contraction of fresh and fatigued muscle and during dynamic contractions (1993) Muscle & Nerve, 16, pp. 255-261Esposito, F., Orizio, C., Veicsteinas, A., Electromyogram and mechanomyogram changes in fresh and fatigued muscle during sustained contraction in men (1998) Eur J Appl Physiol, 78, pp. 494-501Kouzaki, M., Shinohara, M., Fukunaga, T., Non-uniform mechanical activity of quadriceps muscle during fatigue by repeated maximal voluntary contraction in humans (1999) Eur J Appl Physiol, 80, pp. 9-15Weir, J.P., Ayers, K.M., Lacefield, J.F., Mechanomyographic and electromyographic responses during fatigue in humans: Influence of muscle length (2000) Eur J Appl Physiol, 81, pp. 352-35

Advances And Perspectives Of Mechanomyography

Introduction: The evaluation of muscular tissue condition can be accomplished with mechanomyography (MMG), a technique that registers intramuscular mechanical waves produced during a fi ber’s contraction and stretching that are sensed or interfaced on the skin surface. Objective: Considering the scope of MMG measurements and recent advances involving the technique, the goal of this paper is to discuss mechanomyography updates and discuss its applications and potential future applications. Methods: Forty-three MMG studies were published between the years of 1987 and 2013. Results: MMG sensors are developed with different technologies such as condenser microphones, accelerometers, laser-based instruments, etc. Experimental protocols that are described in scientifi c publications typically investigated the condition of the vastus lateralis muscle and used sensors built with accelerometers, third and fourth order Butterworth fi lters, 5-100Hz frequency bandpass, signal analysis using Root Mean Square (RMS) (temporal), Median Frequency (MDF) and Mean Power Frequency (MPF) (spectral) features, with epochs of 1 s. Conclusion: Mechanomyographic responses obtained in isometric contractions differ from those observed during dynamic contractions in both passive and functional electrical stimulation evoked movements. In the near future, MMG features applied to biofeedback closed-loop systems will help people with disabilities, such as spinal cord injury or limb amputation because they may improve both neural and myoelectric prosthetic control. Muscular tissue assessment is a new application area enabled by MMG; it can be useful in evaluating the muscular tonus in anesthetic blockade or in pathologies such as myotonic dystrophy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and disorders including dysphagia, myalgia and spastic hypertonia. 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Convex Hull Area In Triaxial Mechanomyography During Functional Electrical Stimulation

This study employed the convex hull in the analysis of triaxial mechanomyography (MMG) to determine hull area variations along prolonged muscle contractions elicited by functional electrical stimulation (FES). Closed-loop FES systems may need real-time adjustments in control parameters. Such systems may need to process small sample sets. The convex hull area can be applied to small sample sets and it does not suffer with non-stationarities. The MMG sensor used a triaxial accelerometer and the acquired samples were projected onto all planes. The hull determined the smallest convex polygon surrounding all points and its area was computed. Four spinal cord injured volunteers participated in the experiment. The quadriceps femoral muscle was stimulated in order to cause a full knee extension. FES parameters: 1 kHz pulse frequency and a 20 Hz burst frequency. Adjustments in the stimuli amplitude were controlled by a technician to sustain the extension. The results showed that the convex hull area decreased over time. Since the polygons are related to MMG amplitude, decreasing areas were related to muscle fatigue. The convex hull area can be a candidate to follow muscle fatigue during FES-elicited contractions and analysis of short length epochs. Copyright © 2014 SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. 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A New Approach To Assess The Spasticity In Hamstrings Muscles Using Mechanomyography Antagonist Muscular Group

Several pathologies can cause muscle spasticity. Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) can rank spasticity, however its results depend on the physician subjective evaluation. This study aims to show a new approach to spasticity assessment by means of MMG analysis of hamstrings antagonist muscle group (quadriceps muscle). Four subjects participated in the study, divided into two groups regarding MAS (MAS0 and MAS1). MMG sensors were positioned over the muscle belly of rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. The range of movement was acquired with an electrogoniometer placed laterally to the knee. The system was based on a LabVIEW acquisition program and the MMG sensors were built with triaxial accelerometers. The subjects were submitted to stretching reflexes and the integral of the MMG (MMGINT) signal was calculated to analysis. The results showed that the MMGINT was greater to MAS1 than to MAS0 [muscle RF (p= 0.004), VL (p= 0.001) and VM (p= 0.007)]. 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