Germination of Sophora seeds after prolonged storage

Germination of Sophora seeds 24–40 years old from New Zealand (8 species), Chile (2 species), Lord Howe Island (1 species), and Hawai’i (1 species), and of fresh seed from trees established using seeds from the same seed lots, was assessed. Germination was rapid for most seed lots, with, on average, fresh seed having high germination (77– 94%) and stored seed low germination (0–40%). Exceptions to this were old S. chrysophylla seed, which had unusually high germination (84%), and fresh S. longicarinata seed, which had unusually low germination (24%). The results provide further support for the role of long-distance oceanic dispersal for the distribution of Sophora sect. Edwardsia around the Southern Hemisphere, and also suggest that long-term seed storage could be used for the ex situ management of Sophora populations. The results also highlight some intriguing ecological correlates of germination that warrant further study

Elevational gradients of species diversity, breeding system and floral traits of orchid species on Reunion Island

Aim: This research investigates changes in orchid species composition and diversity, plant breeding system and floral traits along an elevational gradient spanning 2300 m (200-2500 m). Location: The study was conducted on Réunion Island (Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean). Methods: Data on the distribution of 135 orchid species from 35 genera were gathered from 121 localities situated between 200 and 2500 m a.s.l. For each locality, 500-m transects were walked and each orchid species was recorded. Measures of species diversity (species richness, a modified Shannon diversity index and the modified Shannon equitability index) were related to altitude using ordinary least-squares regression. Species turnover and elevational gradients in species composition were determined by: (1) relating scores of detrended correspondence analysis to altitude using ordinary least-squares regression, and (2) relating Sørensen similarity indices to differences in altitude using Mantel tests. Finally, the average proportion of species displaying similar floral traits or showing the same breeding system were compared among altitudinal zones. Results: Species richness per transect ranged from 1 to 36 species (mean 14.3) and decreased significantly with increasing altitude. Similarly, species evenness decreased significantly with increasing altitude. Around 50% of all orchid species were rare (occurred in fewer than 5% of all localities), and only a few occurred in more than 50% of all localities. Orchid species composition changed continuously with altitude, indicating turnover of species with increasing altitude. Analogously, orchid breeding systems and floral traits also changed with altitude. Relatively more auto-pollinating species were found at high altitudes compared with mid- and low-altitude sites where animal-pollinated species were most abundant. Species characterized by a cleistogamous pollination system were found almost exclusively in high-altitude sites, whereas the proportion of species displaying floral traits related to pollination by long-tongued moths (sphinx) and flies sharply decreased with increasing altitude. Main conclusions: Environmental conditions associated with altitude exert a large influence on orchid species composition and the distribution of orchid breeding systems. Our results revealed a high proportion of auto-pollinating species, and confirm earlier findings that auto-pollinating species are more frequent in high-altitude sites. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd