The Study of the Efficiency of Silicon Solar Cell

In this work, we examined the influence of temperature on the mean power out of silicon solar cell. Sensitive digital ammeter and voltage were connected in series and parallel across the silicon solar cell housed in a plastic encasement with clean anti –reflection with 100W electric heater to provide variation of temperature which was kicked started with  and increased in step up to  . Open circuit, reverse bias current and voltage were taken at various temperatures and the mean power computed from the values of shunt resistance for all temperature values. Keywords; Silicon Solar cell, Temperature, Open circuit, Voltage, Current, Reverse bias Mean power

Study of the impact of dielectric constant perturbation on electromagnetic wave propagation through material medium: MathCAD solution

We present the study of dielectric constant and its influence on wave propagation through an inhomogeneous material medium via mathcard approach. Mathcard was used to solve numerically the wave equation involving a perturbation in term of dielectric constant  imposed on scalar wave equation.  The equation was reduced to a form suitable for numerical solution using mathcard on which we applied various values of dielectric constant perturbation for three regions or electromagnetic spectrum VIS UV, optical near infrared region. The correlation between the field profile and the propagation was analyzed. Keyword: dielectric constant, perturbation, numerical solution, mathcard, scalar wave equation, electromagnetic spectrum, correlation, propagation distant, material medium

Optimization of Optical Properties of Annealed Cadmium Selenide (Cdse) Thin Films Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique

Two groups of cadmium selenide thin films deposited at 250C and 740C respectively on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition method were studied. A moderately stable sodium selenosulphite (Na2SeSo3) was used as a source of Se2- ions. To prevent spontaneous precipitation and ensure ion-by-ion deposition on the substrate, TEA was used as a complexing agent. The optical characterization was centered on transmittance, reflectance for the annealed and various annealing temperature of thin film. The structural nature was obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The optical properties were obtained from absorption and transmittance data within the range of 200-to-1000nm. Some of the films were found to have a good transmittance and low reflectance hence suitable for window coatings for cold climates and antireflection coatings. Key Words: - Characterization, Deposition and annealing temperature and time, optical, Chemical Bath Technique, Cadmium Selenide thin Films, annealing, transmittance, reflectance, band gap

Aerobic bacteria pathogens associated with caprine mastitis in Nsukka Area of Enugu State

This study ascertained the aerobic bacteria associated with cases of clinical and subclinical caprine mastitis. A total of 58 lactating West African dwarf does were used for this investigation. These lactating does had signs of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis. These samples were collected from Nsukka town, Nsukka abattoir, Orba Market, Obukpa Market and Obolllo - Afor market, all in Enugu State, Nigeria. Clinical mastitis was detected by gross signs of udder infection by physical examination of abnormal milk, whereas subclinical mastitis was recognized using California Mastitis test. This study showed that 39 (67.24%) of 58 goats were positive for mastitis on California Mastitis Test. Clinical and subclinical cases of caprine mastitis, Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant pathogen 32 (55.17%). 14 (24.13%) of the isolates were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis, 6 (10.34%) for Streptoococcus agalactiae, 4 (6.89%) E.coli and 2 (3.44%) for Klebsiella pneumoniae. This work identified the bacterial species linked with caprine mastitis in Nsukka area of Enugu State.Keywords: Clinical mastitis, suclinical mastitis, aerobic bacteria, lactating, caprin

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Cooking Eggs with Chemicals Lowers its Fat-Soluble Vitamins, Proteins, Fats and Cholesterol Contents

The effects of cooking eggs with chemicals on its nutrient contents were studied in eggs from four bird species (Gallus gallus): quail (Corturnix delegorgei), guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), local chicken (Gallus varius) and high-breed chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 60 eggs, consisting of 15 eggs from each bird specie were studied. Eggs from each bird species were divided into groups A, B, C, D and E, of three eggs per group. Eggs in groups A, B, C and D were boiled with omo, klin, table salt and alum, respectively while group E eggs were boiled with water only and served as the control. Vitamins were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC, AKAPTA), while protein, fat and cholesterol were determined using standard methods. Our results showed that quail egg was superior in fat-soluble vitamins content in comparison to the other eggs species. While the chemicals prevented cracking of the shell during boiling and enhanced peeling of the shell after cooking, significantly (p<0.05) lower concentrations of vitamins, proteins, fat and cholesterol were observed in eggs cooked with these chemicals in comparison to the control, with the detergents having more devastating effects than table salt and alum. Keywords: Chemical additives, nutrient composition, food processing, denaturation, biomolecule