Modern Tendencies in the Treatment of Strabismus in Children

Refractive error is one of the most actual problems of pediatric ophthalmology. Late and incomplete correction of refractive errors leading to amblyopia, the disruption of the formation of binocular vision, strabismus friendly. As a gross cosmetic defect and combined with violation of visual functions, strabismus in children presents as a psychophysical and social problem, making it difficult to establish social ties, often becoming an obstacle in acquiring the desired profession. A particularly difficult problem is forms of strabismus: paralytic, alphabetical (V, A, X) and other syndromes ( Duane, brown DVD, etc.) in which involved in the pathological process not only the muscles of the horizontal and vertical actions, but also one of the causes are functional disorders. In the syndrome of “V” and converging strabismus, the angle of deflection decreases when you look up and increases when looking down; in case of divergingstrabismus, the deviation is more when you look up and less when looking down. A thorough examination of a comprehensive personalized treatment, including pleopto-orthope-diploptic, training accommodation and convergence allows to restore visual function and binocular vision and to avoid secondary deviance. One-stage surgical intervention in combined horizontal-vertical strabismus with hyperfunction of the lower oblique muscle on horizontal and vertical muscle groups is an effective method of treatment allows to increase the effectiveness of surgical treatment to reduce the frequency of anesthesia, to reduce the number of repeated operations. Appointment postoperative functional treatment is an integral component of the strabismus correction and allows to achieve stable binocular functions, and further stand orthophoria

Possible association between corneal infections and contact lenses wearing to correct ametropia in children

Possible association between corneal infections and contact lenses (CLs) wearing of various design to correct ametropia in children was analyzed. Between 2011 and April 2014, 20 children (7 boys, 13 girls) aged 9‑17 years which were diagnosed with traumatic keratitis were admitted to Morozov Children’s Hospital. All patients used CLs (rigid, n = 1; soft, n = 9; orthokeratology, n = 10) to correct ametropia for 6‑48 months. There are pretty strong evidences that CLs (including orthokeratology ones) provide better quality of vision and life as compared with spectacles, reduce myopia progression, and promote better accommodation. However, in spite of these advantages, CLs have disadvantages as well. People who wear CLs may require frequent eye care specialist follow-up due to the higher risk of corneal disorders. Even nearly perfect CL represents a foreign body (especially for a children eye) that may provoke numerous complications including severe ones. With accurate fitting, proper care, and careful monitoring of the cornea, CLs should be safe and effective

Methods of Screening for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

The relevance of the modern diagnosis of meibomian glands dysfunction (MGD) increases daily. Firstly, it is caused by changing of the perception about the prevalence of this disease, according to various data it is from 40 to 71% of the population in different age groups. Considering the increasing number of patients suffering from MGD, there is the need to develop screening methods for diagnosis of this disease. Screening methods should be available not only for specialists involved in the treatment of xerosis keratoconjunctival in specialized ophthalmology clinics, but also in out-patient sector. An important aspect in the diagnosis of the severity of the functionaldisorders of the meibomian glands is the assessment of morphological status that determines the further choice of therapy. To evaluate the morphological and functional state of the meibomian glands proposed to use biometrics of meibomian glands. A slit lamp is used for examination. Furthermore, objective data characterizing the morpho-functional state of the meibomian glands, can be obtained by carrying out meibography. Authors used not only white light but also infrared light for the visualization of meibomian glands during meibography. The multifunctional ophthalmic devices equipped with infrared lighting can be used for lighting. For example, specialized slit lamps, corneal topographs, Sheympflyug camera, the fundus camera and others. We applied nonmidriatic fundus camera TOPCON TRC-NW300, using for fotoregistration of the ocular fundus. A feature of the proposed method — meyboskopy — was simplicity and absence of necessity of the investigator skills by scanning with the fundus camera of the inner surface of the eyelid. Meiboskopy doesn’t require  additional equipment and software of the fundus camera and allows to receive objective quality video of meibomian glands, it opens new diagnostic possibilities. Extending of the range of diagnostic capabilities in detecting of MGD based on the screening methods will allow time to assess the severity of this disease and to appoint pathogenetically substantiated therapy

CONTAMINATION OF PHYTOGENIC FOODS WITH PATHOGENIC AND OPPORTUNISTIC ENTEROBACTERIA

Studying contamination of vegetables and fruit pathogenic and opportunistic enterobacteria was conducted. It is shown that in washouts from a surface of fruits and greens often enough there are representatives of investigated. group. At the same time, the bacteriological analysis of superficially processed fruits has revealed occurrence Enterobacteriaceae in vegetative fabrics where they exist in quality endophytic microorganisms. The received, results proved possibility of preservation of pathogenic and. is conditional-pathogenic bacteria in vegetative fabrics after sanitary processing that testifies that the products of a phytogenesis used. in food without thermal processing can be a source of an infection of the person

The Boltzmann equation for colourless plasmons in hot QCD plasma. Semiclassical approximation

Within the framework of the semiclassical approximation, we derive the Boltzmann equation describing the dynamics of colorless plasmons in a hot QCD plasma. The probability of the plasmon-plasmon scattering at the leading order in the coupling constant is obtained. This probability is gauge-independent at least in the class of the covariant and temporal gauges. It is noted that the structure of the scattering kernel possesses important qualitative difference from the corresponding one in the Abelian plasma, in spite of the fact that we focused our study on the colorless soft excitations. It is shown that four-plasmon decay is suppressed by the power of $g$ relative to the process of nonlinear scattering of plasmons by thermal particles at the soft momentum scale. It is stated that the former process becomes important in going to the ultrasoft region of the momentum scale.Comment: 41, LaTeX, minor changes, identical to published versio

Ассоциация между низким исходным уровнем экспрессии генов энергетического метаболизма в крови и развитием клинической ремиссии в ответ на терапию тофацитинибом у больных ревматоидным артритом

Background. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by erosive arthritis (synovitis) and systemic inflammation. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors (JAKi) are small molecules that block major signal pathways of many cytokines a growth factors, associated with RA. Identification of patients sensitive to JAKi before treatment could significantly improve therapy outcomes. Currently it is not possible to predict JAKi efficacy in every patient, while some patients are non-responsive to the drug, other develop adverse effects. JAKi effect in RA patients has been recently associated with alterations in mitochondrial function and ATP production. Therefore, we hypothesized that baseline metabolic status of RA patients prior to drug administration can predict the therapeutic outcome.Objective: to investigate the predictive value of baseline expression of genes involved in energy generation in the blood of RA patients, for treatment response to JAKi.Patients and methods. We examined peripheral blood of 28 RA patients aged 52.2±15.6 years, average disease duration 3.5 years (range 0.6–19), treated with Tofacitinib (TOFA, 5–10 mg twice a day) during three months and 26 healthy age-matched control subjects. Clinical response was assessed by disease activity score (DAS28-ESR), immunological status by measurements of serum levels of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), rheumatoid factor (RF), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Gene expression was assessed in peripheral blood cells by realtime reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At baseline all patients had Steinbrocker radiographic stage II–III. Most patients (85.7%) were ACPA and RF positive. Thirteen patients had medium, others – high RA activity.Results and discussion. JAKi treatment significantly decreased the inflammatory disease activity according to DAS28. At the end of the study 17 patients demonstrated moderate disease activity (3.2<DAS28<5.1), 4 patients retained high disease activity while 7, attained remission (DAS28 <2.6). Disease remission, achieved on TOFA treatment, was accompanied by significant decrease in CRP and the number of swollen and tender joints. ESR values were not changed significantly. Gene expression analysis revealed that RA patients, which attained clinical remission after TOFA treatment, demonstrated significantly lower baseline expression of genes associated with glycolysis (pyruvate kinase, PKM2) and oxidative phosphorylation (succinate dehydrogenase, SDHB) compared to other examined RA patients, but higher expression of the abovementioned genes compared to control subjects. Moreover, RA patients who attained clinical remission demonstrated a trend to increase of these gene expressions within follow-up period, while in the rest of patients these gene expression was tending to downregulate.Conclusion. Clinical remission in RA patients treated with JAKi is associated with significantly lower baseline expression of genes associated with energy generation pathways (PKM2 and SDHB) compared to other examined subjects.Ревматоидный артрит (РА) – аутоиммунное заболевание неизвестной этиологии, которое характеризуется эрозивным артритом (синовитом) и системным воспалением. Ингибиторы Янус-киназ (иJAK) являются низкомолекулярными соединениями, блокирующими основные сигнальные пути многих цитокинов и факторов роста, ассоциированных с РА. Выявление до начала лечения пациентов, чувствительных к иJAK, может значительно улучшить результаты терапии. В настоящее время невозможно предсказать эффективность иJAK в каждом случае, поскольку у одних больных может наблюдаться недостаточная восприимчивость к препарату, а у других – развиться нежелательные реакции. Недавно было показано, что действие иJAK у больных РА связано с изменениями митохондриальной функции и продукции АТФ. На этом основании было высказано предположение, что оценка метаболического статуса пациента с РА до начала лечения позволяет прогнозировать результаты терапии.Цель исследования – изучить возможность прогнозирования ответа больных РА на терапию иJAK по базальной экспрессии генов энергетического метаболизма в крови.Пациенты и методы. Была исследована кровь 28 больных РА в возрасте 52,2±15,6 года со средней длительностью заболевания 3,5 (0,6–19) года, получавших тофацитиниб (ТОФА, 5–10 мг 2 раза в день) в течение 3 мес, и 26 здоровых лиц (контроль). Клинический ответ оценивали по динамике активности заболевания (DAS28-СОЭ), иммунологический статус – по сывороточным уровням антител к циклическому цитруллинированному пептиду (AЦЦП), ревматоидного фактора (РФ), CРБ. Экспрессию генов определяли в клетках периферической крови посредством обратно-транскриптазной полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени. Исходно все больные имели II–III рентгенологическую стадию РА по Штейнброкеру. Большинство (85,7%) пациен- тов были позитивными по АЦЦП и РФ. При этом 13 больных имели умеренную, остальные – высокую активность РА.Результаты и обсуждение. Согласно оценке по DAS28, терапия иJAK значительно снижала исходные показатели воспалительной активности РА. После окончания исследования у 17 пациентов наблюдалась умеренная активность заболевания (3,2<DAS28<5,1), у 4 сохранялась высокая активность, а 7 достигли ремиссии (DAS28 <2,6). У пациентов, достигших ремиссии на фоне терапии ТОФА, отмечалось значительное уменьшение сывороточного уровня СРБ и числа припухших и болезненных суставов. Уровень СОЭ существенно не изменился. Анализ экспрессии генов показал, что эти пациенты имели статистически значимо более низкие исходные уровни генов, связанных с гликолизом (пируваткиназа, PKM2) и окислительным фосфорилированием (сукцинатдегидрогеназа, SDHB), по сравнению с другими больными РА, но более высокие уровни указанных генов по сравнению со здоровыми лицами. Также у больных, достигших ремиссии, экспрессия этих генов имела тенденцию к увеличению в процессе терапии, тогда как у остальных пациентов – к снижению.Заключение. Достижение клинической ремиссии у больных РА на фоне терапии иJAK обусловлено более низкой базовой экспрессией генов, связанных с генерацией энергии (PKM2 и SDHB), по сравнению с остальными пациентами

РЕНТГЕНОФЛУОРЕСЦЕНТНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ БРОМА В ДОННЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ ОЗЕР ДЛЯ ПАЛЕОКЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

One of the signals of changing paleoclimate is the concentration of bromine which is increased in the warm periods and correlated with the content of organic matter in sediments. A conventional wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (WDXRF) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF) have been applied to study the bromine distributions in the sediments ofLakeBaikal andLakeKhara-Nur. In order to carry out WDXRF, the samples weighing about 200-300 mg with diameter of10 mm were pressed as tablets on the boric acid base; the bromine concentrations were calculated by the internal standard method with correction using fundamental parameters. For TXRF measurements the powdered sample weighing 20 mg was suspended in the surface-active solution of Triton X-100 and Ge solution was added for the internal standardization. The detection limits of bromine were 1 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg for WDXRF and TXRF respectively. It was shown that the results of the bromine determination obtained with different XRF techniques were comparable to each other and can be used for palaeoclimatic reconstruction. One of the main advantages of the offered WDXRF and TXRF techniques is the lack of necessity for the standard reference materials of sediments with certified content of bromine.Keywords: X-ray fluorescence analysis, XRF, TXRF, SRXRF, sediments, bromine, paleoclimate(Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.4.008G.V. Pashkova1*, E.V. Ivanov2,T.S. Aisueva2, А.А. Shchetnikov1, Yu.N. Markova2, A.L. Finkelshtein2 1Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk,  Russian Federation2Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian FederationОценена возможность использования традиционного рентгенофлуоресцентного метода анализа (РФА) с волновой дисперсией (РФА ВД) и РФА с полным внешним отражением (РФА ПВО) для изучения распределения брома по глубине керна на примере донных отложений о. Байкал и о. Хара-Нур. Для проведения РФА ВД излучатели массой 200-300 мг и диаметром10 мм прессовали в виде таблеток на подложке из борной кислоты; содержания брома рассчитывали способом внутреннего стандарта с коррекцией с использованием фундаментальных параметров. Для РФА ПВО из измельченной пробы массой 20 мг готовили суспензию на основе поверхностно-активного вещества Triton X-100, в которую добавляли внутренний стандарт – раствор Ge. Пределы обнаружения брома равны 1 мг/кг и 0.4 мг/кг для РФА ВД и РФА ПВО соответственно. Показано, что результаты определения брома, полученные с помощью разных вариантов РФА, сопоставимы между собой и могут быть использованы при палеоклиматических реконструкциях. Одним из основных преимуществ предлагаемых методик РФА ВД и РФА ПВО является отсутствие необходимости наличия стандартных образцов донных отложений с аттестованным содержанием брома.Ключевые слова: рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ, РФА, РФА ПВО, РФА СИ, донные отложения, бром, палеоклимат.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2015.19.4.00

Formation of Indoleacetic Acid by Enterbacteria Pathogenic for Human

Background. At present, the problem of plant colonization by bacteria pathogenic for human is of particular interest. Among the bacteria capable of polyhostality, species of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes both phytopathogenic and human pathogens, are of particular interest. Fruits and vegetables contaminated with such pathogens have been shown to be able to cause human intestinal infections. Being one of the ways of communication in the plantmicroorganism system, it is possible that the synthesis of indole acetic acid (IAA) by Enterobacteriaceae determines the growth rate of bacteria, contributing to more rapid colonization of the plant.Aim: comparative study of the synthesis of IAA by different types of enterobacteria.Methods. Eight types of enterobacteria were used in the study, seven of which were isolated from sick people, as well as the phytopathogen Pectobacterium carotovorum spp. carotovorum. The work was performed using microbiological and spectrophotometric research methods.Results. The ability of the synthesis of IAA by opportunistic microorganisms belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family was studied. We found that the majority of the studied strains synthesize IAA. Studies on the effect on the synthesis of IAA, the introduction into the nutrient medium of tryptophan and its enrichment with glucose, as well as the variation of the temperature regime of the cultivation of bacteria were carried out

The effectiveness of biofilm formation of daily cultures of clinically significant strains of opportunistic bacteria

Background. The formation of biofilm structures by microorganisms living in the hospital environment is a serious medical problem. To conduct correct experimental studies, it is necessary to know the speed and efficiency of biofilm formation by clinically significant species of opportunistic bacteria.   Aim: to study the kinetics of plankton culture growth and the rate of biofilm formation by clinically significant pathogens of infections associated with medical care to substantiate the methodology of further research.   Materials and methods. The strains from the working collection of the Laboratory for Microbiome and Microecology of the Scientific Сentre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems were used. Experiments were carried out with conditionally pathogenic microorganisms of the Enterobacteriaceae family and non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria. The optical density was measured, the total microbial number of the cell suspension was determined, and the morphological structure of the biofilm was evaluated using a light microscope on sterile cover glasses for thespecies Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens.   Results. The duration of the lag phase of the kinetic curve of cell growth varied in isolates of S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae from 1 to 4 and 6 hours of cultivation, respectively. Despite this, the exponential growth phase was the same for all tested isolates and amounted to 4 hours. Thus, isolates of clinically significant species entered the stationary growth phase after 5–10 hours of cultivation and were characterized as fast-growing. On abiotic surfaces, after 8 hours of incubation of the tested cultures, the initial stages of the formation of biofilm structures were observed, after 20 hours the formed multilayer biofilm was visualized, after 24 hours succession occurred, new single cells were attached to the place of the detached structures.   Conclusion. The data obtained on the duration of the main stages of growth kinetics compared with the visualization of the formation of biofilm structures on abiotic surfaces should be taken into account when studying the effects of disinfectants, antiseptics and antibacterial drugs on planktonic cells and biofilm associations of clinically significant opportunistic microorganisms

Influence of soluble factors from the M2 phenotype macrophages on hematopoiesis in depression-like state

Chronic psychosocial stress provokes anxious behavior and depressive disorders. The longitudinal stress-induced neuroendocrine signals may alter functioning of immune (central and peripheral) organs. Increased myelopoiesis is observed in bone marrow, being detrimental to lympho- and erythropoiesis, with increased emigration of monocytic bone marrow cells to the periphery and their acquisition of “inflammatory” phenotype. The subsequent migration of such monocytes to the brain with differentiation into the M1 type macrophages which form inflammatory signals, and their effect upon endothelial cells and microglia leads to increased production of cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules, thus accelerating accumulation of bone marrow-derived monocytes migrating to the brain. The signals from bone marrow monocytes and activated microglia promote neuroinflammatory condition which leads to behavioral changes. Current data on the presence of non-resident bone marrow macrophages in the brain of depressed patients require studies of hematopoiesis in depression-like states. Pronounced plasticity is a characteristic feature of macrophages, i.e., their ability to acquire M1 or M2 phenotype depending on the microenvironment signals. M1 exhibit high pro-inflammatory activity and have neurodestructive properties, whereas M2 cells are characterized by low pro-inflammatory activity and pronounced regenerative potential, due to the production of multiple soluble mediators and cytokines, including neurotrophic and immunoregulatory factors, anti-inflammatory substances that provide neuroprotection, stimulate neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, growth and myelinization of axons, thus theoretically substantiating an opportunity of using the potential of M2 macrophages in the treatment of depression. In this work, we studied the effect of soluble factors of human macrophages, polarized into cells with M2 phenotype under the conditions of serum deprivation, upon bone marrow hematopoiesis and peripheral blood cells in a model of stress-induced depression. We have shown enhanced differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into the granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) lineage, along with increased monocyte population in peripheral blood in the depressive-like murine model. Development of a depressive-like state in the animals was associated with reduced amounts of both erythroid precursors in bone marrow and erythrocytes/hemoglobin in peripheral blood. Intranasal administration of soluble M2 macrophage factors (M2-SFs) for 7 days was accompanied by a corrective effect on the above parameters, being significant for peripheral blood monocytes. The data obtained suggest effectiveness of the M2-SFS anti-inflammatory effects in correcting changes in hematopoiesis caused by social stress in depressive-like animals