Eicosapentaenoic acid provokes stronger in vitro antiadipogenic effect than docosahexaenoic acid in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells

The comparative studies of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) effects on the amount of lipid droplets (LD) and within adipocytes are limited. In this study, 3T3-L1 mouse embryo fibroblasts (ATCC® CL-173™) were expanded up to fifth passage. At the stage of growth arrest, the cells were treated with EPA and DHA separately and in combination at 100 μg/mL for 2 days. Oil Red O staining protocol, subsequent extraction with isopropanol and spectrophotometric determination of absorbed dye were used to establish the amount of intracellular lipid droplets depo-sition. While DHA administration had no significant effect on reduction of LD intracellular deposi-tion, the EPA treatment decreased optical density (OD) significantly (P<0.05). Furthermore, a syner-gic effect of combined application of both PUFAs was not observed. In conclusion, EPA provoked stronger antiadipogenic effect than DHA suggesting that EPA administration would be more effective in already existing obesity

EPA and DHA influenced differently the MRNA expression levels of some lipolysis-related factors in subcutaneous and visceral rabbit ADSCs in vitro

It is well known that the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and related consequences like hypertension, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases are due to disturbed adipose tissue metabolism. While adipose-derived stromal vascular cells (or subsequently adipose-derived stem cells - ADSCs) possess multipotent properties, their proper functionality is essential for further prevention of metabolic disorders because those cells are implemented in adipogenesis and production of adipose-derived cytokines, hormones and metabolites. In the current study we explored the effects of two n-3 LC-PUFAs (DHA – docosahexaenoic; C22:6, n-3 and EPA - eicosapentaenoic; C20:5, n-3 acids) on lipolytic events in in vitro differentiated subcutaneous and visceral ADSCs from rabbits by evaluation of mRNA expression of the some lipolysis related factors. In general, the achieved data reveal, that comparing to the controls, both n-3 LC-PUFAs upregulated mRNA expression of GLUT4 (facilitated glucose transporter member 4), adiponectin, LPL (lipoprotein lipase) and CIDEA (cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A) in subcutaneous ADSCs. DHA and EPA have controversial effect on adiponectin and LPL mRNA expression in visceral rabbit ADSCs. In DHA treated visceral cells were observed increased adiponectin and suppressed LPL mRNA expression. Additionally in this treatment, the LPL was even downregulated compared to the controls. In conclusion, the obtained data in our study indicated that DHA could improve the lipolytic potential of visceral ADSCs rather than EPA. With respect to obesity and related disorders, this effect could be used for therapeutic treatment of MS and consequent obesity prevention

Colostrogenesis: candidate genes for IgG1 transcytosis mechanisms in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells.

Bovine colostrogenesis is distinguished by the specific transfer of IgG1 from the blood to mammary secretions. The process has been shown to be initiated by hormones and occurs during the last weeks of pregnancy when steroid concentrations of estradiol (E2 ) and progesterone (P4 ) are highly elevated. Rodent intestinal uptake of immunoglobulin G is mediated by a receptor termed Fc fragment of IgG, Receptor, Transporter, alpha (FcGRT) and supported by light chain Beta-2-Microglobulin (β2M). We hypothesized that steroid hormone treatments (E2 and P4 ) of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro would induce up-regulation of IgG1 transcytosis candidate gene mRNA expression suggesting involvement in IgG1 transcytosis. Two different primary bovine mammary epithelial cell cultures were cultured on plastic and rat tail collagen and treated with hormonal combinations (steroids/lactogenic hormones). Evaluated mRNA components were bLactoferrin (bLf: a control), bFcGRT, β2M, and various small GTPases; the latter components are reported to direct endosomal movements in eukaryotic cells. All tested transcytosis components showed strong expression of mRNA in the cells. Expression of bFcGRT, bRab25 and bRhoB were significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) by steroid hormones. bRab25 and bRhoB showed increased expression by steroid treatments, but also with lactogenic hormones. Analysis for the oestrogen receptor (ER) mRNA was mostly negative, but 25% of the cultures tested exhibited weak expression, while the progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA was always detected. bRab25 and bRhoB and likely bFcGRT are potential candidate genes for IgG1 transcytosis in bovine mammary cells

Adipogenic potential of stem cells derived from rabbit subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in vitro

Rabbits are considered as appropriate animal models to study some obesity-associated abnormalities because of the similarity of their blood lipid profile and metabolism to humans. The current study was focused on comparison of adipose differentiation ability in rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) in vitro. Subcutaneous and visceral stromal vascular fractions (SVF) were isolated from three 28-d-old New Zealand rabbits by collagenase digestion. Supernatants from both isolates were collected 24 h after the initial plating. On the fourth passage, all isolated cell types undergo triplicate adipogenic induction. The adipose induction potential was calculated as percentage of increasing optical density (OD) values. The data revealed that with increasing the number of induction cycles, the induction tendency in visceral ADSC decreased in contrast to the subcutaneous ones. Although the supernatants did not reach induction levels of their relevant precursors, they follow the same pattern in both subcutaneous and visceral ADSC. All cell types successfully passed osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. In conclusion, the best adipose induction ability was observed in directly plated subcutaneous cell population. The increase of induction numbers depressed adipose induction ability in cell populations derived from visceral fat depots

Effects of castration-induced visceral obesity and antioxidant treatment on lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in New Zealand white rabbits

Molecular mechanisms, responsible for the impaired insulin-sensitivity state due to the obesity are not fully understood in both humans and animals. The purpose of this study was to i

EXTERNAL REVIEW OF THE QUALITY OF THE SCIENTIFIC OUTPUTS OF THE EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) instituted a two stage review of the quality of scientific outputs in areas covered by EFSA’s Scientific Directorates, and its Scientific Committee and Advisory Forum Unit. Following the Self-review, the External Review Working Group (ERWG) comprised of 23 experts, met in Parma (Oct. ’11) to agree on, and fine tune, operating procedures and timelines for the review of the areas of activity. A total of 49 scientific outputs, which were randomly selected by EFSA, generated by 16 Science Units were reviewed. These outputs were allocated by Prof Naughton, as Chairman, for review by the ERWG with each output being reviewed independently by two reviewers. Each output was reviewed using the pre-determined template prior to a collation of reports by the coordinator allocated to each Unit to generate the Unit report of discrepancies in scores for each of the 16 areas. During the second meeting of the ERWG in Parma (Nov. ’11) in depth discussions were held. Discordant reviews were discussed, notably this activity was valued by the ERWG and in line with normal peer review processes and the finalized scores were prepared. The assembled ERWG jointly prepared the final key sections of the review report including the recommendations and discussion. The major outcome of the review was that a high proportion of the outputs were well constructed, transparent and easily understood, and this best practice should be promulgated in line with EFSA Transparency Guidance. An additional major finding was that a number of the recommendations from ERWG 2009 did not appear to have been promulgated. Notwithstanding this result, the ERWG provided a series of recommendations to EFSA. In synopsis, these relate to the following key aspects of the outputs: i) a more in depth consideration of uncertainties and limitations, ii) outputs should be subject to more rigorous proofreading, iii) adequate support should be provided to the panels to avoid recurring issues, and iv) that patterns in low scores should be analysed and highlighted in order to circumvent future repetition of these issues. In summary, the majority of outputs reviewed were of high quality with the remainder failing to fully demonstrate adherence with the EFSA Transparency Guidance