Comparative Assessment of Quality Requirements for Medicinal Products Containing Diosmin

Currently, there is an increase in preand post-approval testing of medicinal products containing diosmin and hence a need to unify approaches to standardisation of this group of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation lacks a monograph for these products.The aim of the study was to determine an approach to standardisation of medicinal products containing diosmin.Materials and methods: the study analysed scientific publications, as well as monographs of leading foreign pharmacopoeias. Experimental work was carried out using samples of diosmin-containing pharmaceuticals in the form of 500 and 1000 mg film-coated tablets produced by Russian and foreign manufacturers. The study involved high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection using an Agilent 1260 Infinity II liquid chromatography system with a diode array detector. The following reference standards were used: a diosmin RS, USP grade; a hesperidin CRS, Ph. Eur. Grade; and a diosmin CRS for testing chromatography system suitability for identification of impurities A, B, C, D, E, and F, Ph. Eur. grade.Results: the authors reviewed quality requirements for pharmaceutical products containing diosmin and analysed experimental data obtained during preand post-approval testing of Russian and foreign medicines. The comparison of regulatory documents for registered diosmin-containing medicinal products showed a difference in approaches to assessing the contents of related substances and active pharmaceutical ingredients. Having analysed the literature, experimental data and regulatory requirements for standardisation of diosmin-containing pharmaceuticals, the authors recommended an approach to standardisation. According to the approach, concomitant flavonoids (hesperidin, isorchoifolin, linarin, and diosmetin) contributing to the pharmacological activity of a medicinal product are specified as part of Assay, and process-related by-products (impurities A and D) are specified and evaluated as part of Related substances tests.Conclusion: the authors propose to evaluate the contents of concomitant flavonoids (hesperidin, isorchoifolin, linarin, diosmetin) under Assay and to specify impurities A and D, as well as single unidentified impurities and total amount of impurities under Related substances

DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF THE ERYTHROCYTIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN DIAGNOSTICUM FOR INDICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS (DEEP) MYCOSES

Objective of the study was to assess analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the “Reagent kit. Erythrocytic coccidioidomycosal and histoplasmosal immunoglobulin dry diagnosticum”, designed for identification of causative agents of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis in isolated cultures of micromycetes, as well as in clinical and biological samples using indirect hemagglutination test.Materials and methods. The investigation included 264 positive samples (216 samples of micromycete suspensions, 48 samples of biological and clinical material) containing pathogens of histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis concentrated up to 3,12·106 and 1,56·106 cells/ml, respectively, and 128 negative samples containing heterologous microorganisms in concentrations equal to 5·106 cells/ml. The study was carried out using biological samples that were artificially contaminated with stated pathogens of particularly dangerous mycoses and samples, obtained from bioassay animals with experimental infection.Results and conclusions. It is established that diagnostic sensitivity of the reagent kit is not less than 99,0 %. The diagnostic specificity is not less than 98,0 %. Reproducibility of the results in all cases was 100 %. The results obtained testify to the prospect of introduction of the developed kit into the health care practice

Modern Approaches for Detection of Glanders and Melioidosis. Identification and Typing of <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> and <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>

Analysed are the methodological approaches used for identification and typing of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. Suggested are recommendations for improvements of algorithms of laboratory diagnosis of glanders and melioidosis including wide range of biochemical, immunodiagnostic and molecular genetic methods

Оценка диагностической эффективности набора реагентов для in vitro диагностики лихорадки Западного Нила методом полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией и гибридизационно-флуоресцентной детекцией

West Nile fever is a vector-borne zoonotic arbovirus infection with natural foci. Its clinical course is similar to that of acute febrile syndrome, and severe cases may result in neuroinvasive disease. Several genetic lineages (1, 2, and 4) of the West Nile virus (WNV) with different pathogenicity for humans are circulating in the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is an urgent task to develop a diagnostic reagent kit for differentiating between WNV genetic lineages and to implement the kit in clinical laboratory practice.The aim of the study was to conduct technical and clinical tests and evaluate the quality, efficacy, and safety of the Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 diagnostic reagent kit for detecting WNV RNA and differentiating between WNV genetic lineages 1, 2, and 4 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with fluorescent probe-based detection.Materials and methods. The authors determined the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 reagent kit (Volgograd Research Institute for Plague Control, Russia) by real-time RT-PCR with 216 clinical samples and 204 biological samples. Sanger sequencing was used as a reference method. Statistical analysis of clinical test results was carried out in accordance with the Russian national standard for clinical laboratory tests (GOST R 53022.3-2008).Results. When tested with the Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 reagent kit, real-time RT-PCR demonstrated the analytical sensitivity of 1×104  GEq/mL for the detection of WNV cDNA of genetic lineages 1, 2, and 4. The assessment of its analytical specificity showed no positive results for cDNA samples of heterologous viruses at a concentration of 1×106  GEq/mL. The diagnostic sensitivity with the reagent kit was at least 98.5%, and the diagnostic specificity was at least 99%, with 90% confidence levels for both parameters.Conclusions. The Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 reagent kit can be recommended for use in clinical laboratory diagnostics to detect WNV RNA and differentiate between WNV genetic lineages 1, 2, and 4.Лихорадка Западного Нила — зоонозная природно-очаговая арбовирусная инфекция с трансмиссивным механизмом передачи возбудителя. Заболевание протекает в виде острого лихорадочного интоксикационного синдрома, в тяжелых случаях — с развитием нейроинфекции. Выделяют несколько генотипов (1, 2, 4) вируса Западного Нила, ВЗН (West Nile virus, WNV), циркулирующих на территории Российской Федерации и имеющих разную патогенность для человека. В связи с этим разработка и внедрение в клиническую лабораторную практику диагностического набора реагентов для дифференциации генотипов ВЗН является актуальной задачей.Цель работы: проведение технических и клинических испытаний для оценки качества, эффективности и безопасности диагностического набора реагентов «Амплиген-WNV-генотип-1/2/4» для выявления РНК и дифференциации генотипов (1, 2, 4) вируса Западного Нила методом полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией и гибридизационно-флуоресцентной детекцией.Материалы и методы: определение диагностической чувствительности и специфичности набора реагентов «Амплиген-WNV-генотип-1/2/4» (ФКУЗ Волгоградский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт Роспотребнадзора) проводили методом ОТ-ПЦР-РВ с использованием 216 образцов клинического и 204 образцов биологического материала. В качестве метода сравнения применяли секвенирование по Сенгеру. Статистическую обработку результатов клинических испытаний проводили в соответствии с ГОСТ Р 53022.3-2008.Результаты: в ходе испытаний установлено, что аналитическая чувствительность ОТ-ПЦР-РВ c набором реагентов «Амплиген-WNV-генотип-1/2/4» составила 1×104 ГЭ/мл при выявлении кДНК ВЗН генотипов 1, 2, 4. При оценке специфичности набора положительных результатов с кДНК гетерологичных вирусов в пробах с концентрацией 1×106 ГЭ/мл не выявлено. Диагностическая чувствительность набора реагентов составила не менее 98,5%, диагностическая специфичность — не менее 99%, при доверительной вероятности 90% при анализе каждого из показателей.Выводы: набор реагентов «Амплиген-WNV-генотип-1/2/4» может быть рекомендован для применения в клинической лабораторной диагностике для обнаружения РНК и дифференциации генотипов (1, 2, 4) вируса Западного Нила

Metagenomic profiling of viral and microbial communities from the pox lesions of lumpy skin disease virus and sheeppox virus-infected hosts

IntroductionIt has been recognized that capripoxvirus infections have a strong cutaneous tropism with the manifestation of skin lesions in the form of nodules and scabs in the respective hosts, followed by necrosis and sloughing off. Considering that the skin microbiota is a complex community of commensal bacteria, fungi and viruses that are influenced by infections leading to pathological states, there is no evidence on how the skin microbiome is affected during capripoxvirus pathogenesis.MethodsIn this study, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to investigate the microbiome in pox lesions from hosts infected with lumpy skin disease virus and sheep pox virus.ResultsThe analysis revealed a high degree of variability in bacterial community structures across affected skin samples, indicating the importance of specific commensal microorganisms colonizing individual hosts. The most common and abundant bacteria found in scab samples were Fusobacterium necrophorum, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Helcococcus ovis and Trueperella pyogenes, irrespective of host. Bacterial reads belonging to the genera Moraxella, Mannheimia, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus and Micrococcus were identified.DiscussionThis study is the first to investigate capripox virus-associated changes in the skin microbiome using whole-genome metagenomic profiling. The findings will provide a basis for further investigation into capripoxvirus pathogenesis. In addition, this study highlights the challenge of selecting an optimal bioinformatics approach for the analysis of metagenomic data in clinical and veterinary practice. For example, direct classification of reads using a kmer-based algorithm resulted in a significant number of systematic false positives, which may be attributed to the peculiarities of the algorithm and database selection. On the contrary, the process of de novo assembly requires a large number of target reads from the symbiotic microbial community. In this work, the obtained sequencing data were processed by three different approaches, including direct classification of reads based on k-mers, mapping of reads to a marker gene database, and de novo assembly and binning of metagenomic contigs. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques and their practicality in veterinary settings are discussed in relation to the results obtained

Разработка унифицированной ВЭЖХ-методики определения родственных примесей и количественной оценки действующего вещества препаратов папаверина гидрохлорида

Abstract. Papaverine hydrochloride products are used as anticonvulsants in routine medical practice. Most of the approved product specification files include thin-layer chromatography for assessment of product-related impurities and UV spectrophotometry for determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients. An HPLC assay is not used for determination of papaverine hydrochloride in drug dosage forms.The aim of the study was to develop an HPLC test method for determination of product-related impurities and for quantification of papaverine hydrochloride in solutions for injection, tablets, and rectal suppositories.Materials and methods: samples of the following Russian-made papaverine products were used in the study: Papaverine, solution for injection, 20 mg/mL; Papaverine, rectal suppositories, 20 mg; Papaverine, tablets, 40 mg. The Agilent 1260 Infinity II DAD System was used for the HPLC assay, and the Agilent 8453Е UV-Vis System was used for recording UV spectra. The determination of product-related impurities and the assay of active ingredients were performed simultaneously by HPLC using a reversed-phase column Kromasil 100-5-C18, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm, the gradient elution mode, and detection at        238 nm. Papaverine Hydrochloride USP RS, 99% purity, and Noscapine EP CRS were used as reference standards.Results: the study demonstrated that determination of product-related impurities and assay of active ingredients in papaverine products can be performed simultaneously using HPLC.Conclusions: the authors proposed an HPLC test method for determination of active ingredients in papaverine products, which is aligned with the “consistent standardisation” principle and can be recommended for inclusion into draft monographs for papaverine products.Резюме. Препараты папаверина гидрохлорида применяются в медицинской практике в качестве спазмолитического средства. В большинство зарегистрированных нормативных документов на эти препараты включена методика оценки родственных примесей методом тонкослойной хроматографии, для определения действующего вещества используется УФ-спектрофотометрия. Количественное определение папаверина гидрохлорида в лекарственных формах методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии (ВЭЖХ) не проводится.Цель работы: разработка методики определения родственных примесей и количественного определения папаверина гидрохлорида в растворе для инъекций, таблетках и суппозиториях ректальных методом ВЭЖХ.Материалы и методы: объектами исследования являлись образцы препаратов папаверина отечественных производителей: «Папаверин, раствор для инъекций 20 мг/мл», «Папаверин, суппозитории ректальные, 20 мг», «Папаверин, таблетки 40 мг». Исследование проводили методом ВЭЖХ на жидкостном хроматографе Agilent 1260 Infinity II DAD System , регистрацию УФ-спектров – на спектрофотометре Agilent 8453Е UV-Vis System. Оценку содержания родственных примесей и количественное определение действующих веществ проводили одновременно методом ВЭЖХ на обращенно-фазовой колонке Kromasil 100-5-C18, размер колонки 250×4,6 мм, размер частиц 5 мкм, в условиях градиентного элюирования с детектированием при 238 нм. В качестве стандартных образцов использовали папаверина гидрохлорид квалификации USP RS с содержанием действующего вещества 99,9% и носкапин квалификации EP CRS.Результаты: показана возможность одновременного определения родственных примесей и количественного определения действующих веществ в препаратах папаверина методом ВЭЖХ.Выводы: предложена методика определения действующих веществ в препаратах папаверина методом ВЭЖХ, удовлетворяющая принципу сквозной стандартизации, которая может быть рекомендована для включения в проект фармакопейных статей на препараты папаверина

Сравнительная оценка требований к качеству лекарственных препаратов, содержащих диосмин

Currently, there is an increase in pre- and post-approval testing of medicinal products containing diosmin and hence a need to unify approaches to standardisation of this group of pharmaceuticals. Moreover, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation lacks a monograph for these products.The aim of the study was to determine an approach to standardisation of medicinal products containing diosmin.Materials and methods: the study analysed scientific publications, as well as monographs of leading foreign pharmacopoeias. Experimental work was carried out using samples of diosmin-containing pharmaceuticals in the form of 500 and 1000 mg film-coated tablets produced by Russian and foreign manufacturers. The study involved high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection using an Agilent 1260 Infinity II liquid chromatography system with a diode array detector. The following reference standards were used: a diosmin RS, USP grade; a hesperidin CRS, Ph. Eur. Grade; and a diosmin CRS for testing chromatography system suitability for identification of impurities A, B, C, D, E, and F, Ph. Eur. grade.Results: the authors reviewed quality requirements for pharmaceutical products containing diosmin and analysed experimental data obtained during pre- and post-approval testing of Russian and foreign medicines. The comparison of regulatory documents for registered diosmin-containing medicinal products showed a difference in approaches to assessing the contents of related substances and active pharmaceutical ingredients. Having analysed the literature, experimental data and regulatory requirements for standardisation of diosmin-containing pharmaceuticals, the authors recommended an approach to standardisation. According to the approach, concomitant flavonoids (hesperidin, isorchoifolin, linarin, and diosmetin) contributing to the pharmacological activity of a medicinal product are specified as part of Assay, and process-related by-products (impurities A and D) are specified and evaluated as part of Related substances tests.Conclusion: the authors propose to evaluate the contents of concomitant flavonoids (hesperidin, isorchoifolin, linarin, diosmetin) under Assay and to specify impurities A and D, as well as single unidentified impurities and total amount of impurities under Related substances.В настоящее время существует потребность в унификации подходов к стандартизации препаратов диосмина в связи с увеличением объема проведения регистрационной и пострегистрационной экспертизы препаратов этой группы, а также с необходимостью разработки фармакопейной статьи на препараты диосмина для Государственной фармакопеи Российской Федерации.Цель работы: определение подхода к стандартизации лекарственных препаратов, содержащих диосмин.Материалы и методы: объектами исследования служили данные научных публикаций, а также частные монографии ведущих зарубежных фармакопей. Экспериментальная работа проводилась на образцах препаратов диосмина в форме таблеток, покрытых пленочной оболочкой, в дозировке 500 и 1000 мг, отечественных и зарубежных производителей. Исследование осуществляли методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии с УФ-детектированием на жидкостном хроматографе Agilent 1260 Infinity II DAD System. В качестве стандартных образцов использовали диосмин квалификации USP RS, гесперидин квалификации EP CRS и диосмин для проверки пригодности хроматографической системы квалификации EP CRS для идентификации примесей A, B, C, D, E и F.Результаты: проведен аналитический обзор требований к качеству лекарственных препаратов, содержащих диосмин, с анализом экспериментальных данных, полученных в ходе регистрационной и пострегистрационной экспертизы российских и зарубежных лекарственных средств. Сравнительный анализ нормативной документации зарегистрированных лекарственных препаратов, содержащих диосмин, показал различие в подходах к оценке содержания родственных примесей и действующих веществ. Анализ данных литературы, экспериментальных данных и требований нормативных документов в области стандартизации, предъявляемых к стандартизации препаратов, содержащих диосмин, позволяет рекомендовать подход, согласно которому сопутствующие флавоноиды (гесперидин, изорхойфолин, линарин, диосметин), обеспечивающие вклад в фармакологическое действие препарата, нормируются в составе показателя «Количественное определение». Примеси, относящиеся к побочным продуктам при производстве диосмина (примеси А и D), нормируются и оцениваются при испытаниях по показателю «Родственные примеси».Выводы: предложено проводить оценку содержания сопутствующих флавоноидов (гесперидина, изорхойфолина, линарина, диосметина) в составе показателя «Количественное определение», примеси А и D, а также единичные неидентифицированные примеси и сумму примесей нормировать в показателе «Родственные примеси»

Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of a reagent kit for <i>in vitro</i> diagnosis of West Nile fever using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent probe-based detection

West Nile fever is a vector-borne zoonotic arbovirus infection with natural foci. Its clinical course is similar to that of acute febrile syndrome, and severe cases may result in neuroinvasive disease. Several genetic lineages (1, 2, and 4) of the West Nile virus (WNV) with different pathogenicity for humans are circulating in the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is an urgent task to develop a diagnostic reagent kit for differentiating between WNV genetic lineages and to implement the kit in clinical laboratory practice.The aim of the study was to conduct technical and clinical tests and evaluate the quality, efficacy, and safety of the Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 diagnostic reagent kit for detecting WNV RNA and differentiating between WNV genetic lineages 1, 2, and 4 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with fluorescent probe-based detection.Materials and methods. The authors determined the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 reagent kit (Volgograd Research Institute for Plague Control, Russia) by real-time RT-PCR with 216 clinical samples and 204 biological samples. Sanger sequencing was used as a reference method. Statistical analysis of clinical test results was carried out in accordance with the Russian national standard for clinical laboratory tests (GOST R 53022.3-2008).Results. When tested with the Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 reagent kit, real-time RT-PCR demonstrated the analytical sensitivity of 1×104  GEq/mL for the detection of WNV cDNA of genetic lineages 1, 2, and 4. The assessment of its analytical specificity showed no positive results for cDNA samples of heterologous viruses at a concentration of 1×106  GEq/mL. The diagnostic sensitivity with the reagent kit was at least 98.5%, and the diagnostic specificity was at least 99%, with 90% confidence levels for both parameters.Conclusions. The Ampligen-WNV-genotype-1/2/4 reagent kit can be recommended for use in clinical laboratory diagnostics to detect WNV RNA and differentiate between WNV genetic lineages 1, 2, and 4

Improvement of Methods of Standardisation of Medicinal Products Made from Veratrum Lobelianum Rhizomes with Roots

Abstract. Identification of hellebore (Veratrum Lobelianum Bernh.) herbal substance, as well as hellebore-based herbal preparation and herbal medicinal product by the same group of biologically active substances using the same test method is in line with the so-called “consistent standardisation” principle.The aim of the study was to develop a harmonised approach to identification of steroidal alkaloids in hellebore products (hellebore water, hellebore tincture) and hellebore herbal substance (hellebore rhizomes with roots).Materials and methods: samples of hellebore water, hellebore tincture, and hellebore rhizomes with roots were analysed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) using an HPTLC plate.Results: the authors developed a harmonised identification procedure for products made from hellebore rhizomes with roots (herbal substance, herbal preparation, and herbal medicinal product) based on HPTLC detection of steroidal alkaloids. The results of the study will be used to prepare amendments to the Identification part of monograph FS.2.5.0104.18 “Hellebore rhizomes with roots”. The developed test procedure is proposed for inclusion into draft monographs “Hellebore rhizomes with roots, tincture” and “Hellebore rhizomes with roots, tincture, solution for external use”.Conclusions: the developed test procedure can be used as an identification test for a range of products from the hellebore herbal substance to hellebore-based herbal medicinal products, which is based on the detection of the same group of biologically active substances

Development of a Comprehensive HPLC Method for Determination of Product-related Impurities and Assay of Active Ingredients in Papaverine Hydrochloride Products

Abstract. Papaverine hydrochloride products are used as anticonvulsants in routine medical practice. Most of the approved product specification files include thin-layer chromatography for assessment of product-related impurities and UV spectrophotometry for determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients. An HPLC assay is not used for determination of papaverine hydrochloride in drug dosage forms.The aim of the study was to develop an HPLC test method for determination of product-related impurities and for quantification of papaverine hydrochloride in solutions for injection, tablets, and rectal suppositories.Materials and methods: samples of the following Russian-made papaverine products were used in the study: Papaverine, solution for injection, 20 mg/mL; Papaverine, rectal suppositories, 20 mg; Papaverine, tablets, 40 mg. The Agilent 1260 Infinity II DAD System was used for the HPLC assay, and the Agilent 8453Е UV-Vis System was used for recording UV spectra. The determination of product-related impurities and the assay of active ingredients were performed simultaneously by HPLC using a reversed-phase column Kromasil 100-5-C18, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μm, the gradient elution mode, and detection at        238 nm. Papaverine Hydrochloride USP RS, 99% purity, and Noscapine EP CRS were used as reference standards.Results: the study demonstrated that determination of product-related impurities and assay of active ingredients in papaverine products can be performed simultaneously using HPLC.Conclusions: the authors proposed an HPLC test method for determination of active ingredients in papaverine products, which is aligned with the “consistent standardisation” principle and can be recommended for inclusion into draft monographs for papaverine products