Breeding columnar apple-tree cultivars for supercompact growth habit

This work was based on the combinatorial breeding technique using donors of the columnar growth type (Co gene), sources of winter hardiness and high consumer qualities, and scab immunity donors (Rvi6 gene). The selection in the columnar apple-tree hybrid progeny was accompanied by the assessment of growth vigor, compactness degree, and seedling cultivability in accordance with the guidelines.Due to the increasing popularity of apple trees with the columnar crown type, the volume of breeding work for columnar growth  habit  at  the  Russian  Research  Institute  of  Fruit  Crop  Breeding  (VNIISPK)  over  the  past  9 years  amounted  to 133,582 flowers, or one third of the entire hybridization envisaged by the apple-tree breeding program. Meticulous selection of parent forms is carried out in order to incorporate a set of useful traits in the columnar growth habit genotype. Both cultivars and hybrid forms serve as sources and donors of the traits interesting for breeders. All the studied cultivars released by VNIISPK are dwarf: their height is within the range from 287 cm (cv. ‘Priokskoe’) to 198 cm (cv. ‘Orlovskaya Yesenia’), and they can be recommended for both commercial plantations and amateur gardens. The columnar form 34-34-98 is characterized by a unique degree of compactness (the ratio of the internode length to the shoot diameter) equal to 0.4 versus the average value of 1.6 for this indicator in the studied columnar cultivars. This form was involved in the release of 78 promising hybrid seedlings, the best of which (38.5%) were transferred to the garden for primary variety trials. A large yield of seedlings characterized by high compactness in the progeny of the columnar apple tree 34-34-98 makes it possible to recommend it for the development of new apple-tree genotypes for highly cost-effective orchards with high tree planting density

Зависимость между рентгенологическими особенностями костей черепа и гормональными нарушениями у женщин фертильного возраста

In the present work the information about roentgens of skull bones at women of fertile period with polycystosis of ovaries and hypoactivity of thyroid gland is presented. It is revealed that more frequently met rontgenologic factors at patients with this pathology are small turkish saddle, narrowing of entrance in turkish saddle, endocraniosos and craniostenosis.В настоящей работе представлены данные о рентгенологических особенностях костей черепа у женщин фертильного возраста с поликистозом яичников и гипофункцией щитовидной железы. Выявлено, что наиболее часто встречались у пациенток с данной патологией на фоне гипокальциемии такие рентгенологические признаки эндокринной патологии, как малое турецкое седло, сужение входа в турецкое седло, эндокраниоз и краниостеноз

Lethal Mutagenesis of Poliovirus Mediated by a Mutagenic Pyrimidine Analogue

Lethal mutagenesis is the mechanism of action of ribavirin against poliovirus (PV) and numerous other RNA viruses. However, there is still considerable debate regarding the mechanism of action of ribavirin against a variety of RNA viruses. Here we show by using T7 RNA polymerase mediated production of PV genomic RNA, PV polymerase-catalyzed primer extension and cell-free PV synthesis that a pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate analogue (rPTP) with ambiguous basepairing capacity is an efficient mutagen of the PV genome. The in vitro incorporation properties of rPTP are superior to ribavirin triphosphate. We observed a log-linear relationship between virus titer reduction and the number of rPMP molecules incorporated. A PV genome encoding a high-fidelity polymerase was more sensitive to rPMP incorporation, consistent with diminished mutational robustness of high-fidelity PV. The nucleoside (rP) did not exhibit antiviral activity in cell culture owing to the inability of rP to be converted to rPMP by cellular nucleotide kinases. rP was also a poor substrate for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. The block to nucleoside phosphorylation could be bypassed by treatment with the P nucleobase, which exhibited both antiviral activity and mutagenesis, presumably a reflection of rP nucleotide formation by a nucleotide salvage pathway. These studies provide additional support for lethal mutagenesis as an antiviral strategy, suggest that rPMP prodrugs may be highly efficacious antiviral agents, and provide a new tool to determine the sensitivity of RNA virus genomes to mutagenesis as well as interrogation of the impact of mutational load on the population dynamics of these viruses

Gender aspects of metabolic processes among young patients with obesity

The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender of metabolic process among young men and women with obesity. A total of 189 young men and obese women aged 18 to 44 years who received non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment. All patients underwent anthropometric, hormonal research, evaluation of lipid and carbohydrate profiles. It was revealed that the development of obesity, the rate normalization of weight, improved lipid background were gender-specific. Hyperandrogenism relative hypoestrogenemy women and the relative decline of testosterone in men are predictors of visceral obesity. Features of influence of sex hormones, leptin resistance by frequent among women determines the effectiveness of the treatment of this disease.Целью настоящего исследования явилось оценить гендерность метаболических процессов у молодых мужчин и женщин с ожирением. Обследовано 189 молодых мужчин и женщин с ожирением в возрасте от 18 до 44 лет, получавших немедикаментозное и медикаментозное лечение. Всем пациентам проведено антропометрическое, гормональное исследование, оценка липидного и углеводного профилей. Выявлено, что развитие ожирения, темпы нормализации веса, улучшение липидного фона имели гендерные особенности. Гиперандрогения, относительная гипозстрогенемия у женщин и относительное снижение тестостерона у мужчин являются предикторами развития висцерального ожирения. Особенности влияния половых гормонов, наличие частой лептинорезистентности у женщин определяет эффективность лечения данного заболевания

Noninvasive evaluation of state of the vascular wall by patients with metabolic syndrome

There are the results of the study of the vascular wall by 183 patients with metabolic syndrome and 65 healthy young working men and women with the using of non-invasive diagnostic methods (ultrasound of the carotid arteries, to determine the level of homocysteine in the blood serum). It wos found that such changes as increased pulse wave velocity in the aorta with a decrease in pulse pressure and a significant decrease in the sistolic and diastolic ratio in the carotid artery during the development of hyperhomocysteinemia reflect the elastic properties of the earlier breach the walls of blood vessels.Представлены результаты исследования сосудистой стенки у 183 пациентов с метаболическим синдромом и 65 здоровых женщин и мужчин молодого трудоспособного возраста с применением неинвазивных методов диагностики (ультразвуковое исследование сонных артерий, определение уровня гомоцистеина в сыворотке крови). Выявлено, что такие изменения, как повышение скорости распространения пульсовой волны в аорте при снижении пульсового АД и достоверное снижение систолодиастолического соотношения в сонной артерии при развитии гипергомоцистеинемии отражают ранние нарушения эластических свойств стенки сосудов

Informative significance of serum cytokines and their importance for development of metabolic syndrome with arterial hypertension in elderly persons

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is among the main public health challenges worldwide, leading to significant labor losses, increased costs for treatment and rehabilitation of the patients. The aim of the present study was to identify the informative serum interleukins, by determining the odds ratio in elderly patients with MS and hypertension. The main group of 86 patients with MS and arterial hypertension (AH) aged 60-75 years was examined under clinical conditions. The inclusion criteria were as follows: age of 60-75 years, presence of MS, primary hypertension (grade II-III), absence of acute myocardial infarction, malignant neoplasms, disorders of cerebral circulation, kidney failure over last 6 months. Diagnostics of MS and hypertension was carried out in accordance with Expert Guidelines from the Russian Research Society of Cardiology on the MS Diagnosis and Treatment. Our first study of a large range of serum interleukins in elderly patients with MS and hypertension allowed us to reveal the inversely directed changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine contents. Combined AH/MS in elderly persons is accomplished by sufficient increase of the most proinflammatory cytokines, and vice versa, by significant decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum. This finding clearly points to importance of immunological regulatory systems for initiation of AH with MS at older age. Pro- and anti-inflammatory serum interleukins are actively involved into the AH/MS development in elderly accompanied by their pronounced imbalance. The mentioned immune reactions could underlie the MS/AH condition. High risk of this disorder is connected with changed production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-1β), like as anti-inflammatory serum interleukins (IL-4, IL-10), with predominance of the former. The above interleukins should be considered dominant diagnostic markers of AH/MS in elderly persons. Measurement of serum interleukins and discriminant-based approach allows highly reliable differentiation of elderly patients with AH/MS from similar individuals without this disorder

Raman Study of Polycrystalline Si3N4 Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions

A depth-resolved Raman spectroscopy technique was used to study the residual stress profiles in polycrystalline silicon nitride that was irradiated with Xe (167 MeV, 1 × 1011 cm−2 ÷ 4.87 × 1013 cm−2 ) and Bi (710 MeV, 1 × 1011 cm−2 ÷ 1 × 1013 cm−2 ) ions. It was shown that both the compressive and tensile stress fields were formed in the irradiated specimen, separated by a buffer zone that was located at a depth that coincided with the thickness of layer, amorphized due to multiple overlapping track regions. The compressive stresses were registered in a subsurface region, while at a greater depth, the tensile stresses were recorded and their levels reached the maximum value at the end of ion range. The size of the amorphous layer was evaluated from the dose dependence of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) (FWHM of the dominant 204 cm−1 line in the Raman spectra and scanning electron microscopy. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland