To the Question of Criminological Security in the Use of Cryptocurrency

The Author examines various approaches to the definition of cryptocurrency, the issues of legislative regulation of cryptocurrency in Russia, proposes measures to counter crimes using cryptocurrency. Based on the study, the Author concludes that in order to regulate cryptocurrency transactions, as well as in order to create a uniform judicial practice in cases related to cryptocurrency, it is necessary to create a unified regulatory framework on the subject matter. The Author proposes to legislatively fix the definition of cryptocurrency, the conditions for its issuance, storage and execution of transactions with it, as well as the circle of persons authorized to carry out operations to create, exchange, etc. with cryptocurrency; conduct training of specialists in the field of cryptocurrency through training courses, lectures, seminars, conferences, etc., including abroad, as well as to ensure the exchange of experience between experts in the field of cryptocurrency; create a technical base in law enforcement to track cryptocurrency transactions; to ensure the formation of scientific schools in the field of cryptocurrency

Financial statements of a company as an information base for decision-making in a transforming economy

In connection with the development of transforming the economy, the need for forecasting and analyzing the consequences of managerial decisions becomes more pressing. To substantiate and evaluate such decisions, a tool for prospective analysis of financial statements of companies is used. In recent years, the content and structure of a company's financial statements have undergone significant changes. With the development of economic relations, the principles of organization and methodology of accounting and reporting are also dynamically changing. The issues of reforming financial statements of a company are constantly discussed at international congresses of accountants and other professional forums. The purpose of the study is to improve the concept of preparing financial statements of a company as an information base for taking decisions in a transforming economy. As a result of the research, the economic essence of company's financial statements is substantiated from the point of view of an integrated approach; the importance of financial statements of an organization for effective management is determined; the main financial and non-financial indicators are systematized; it is proposed to introduce a mandatory requirement for disclosure of non-financial indicators in the corporate reporting system; proposals have been elaborated to improve the methods for analyzing financial statements as a tool for managing a company.peer-reviewe

DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTESTINAL MICROFLORA IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE INTESTINAL INFECTIONS

This paper presents results, which were obtained during investigation of 106 children with acute intestinal infections in order to determine the presence of cryptosporidia and to evaluate their intestinal microbial status. The cryptosporidia's oocysts were found in 31 of children (29,2 %) that were mainly under the 3 age old. At the same time the authors found the dysbacteriosis of the second and. third, degrees in 92,5 % of patients. Six patients (5,7 %) became cryptosporidium negative and improved their intestinal microbial status. The obtained results showed that lactobacterias containing probiotics are effective in treatment of children with acute intestinal infections for normalizing of intestinal biocenosis and. to eradicate cryptosporidia

Exchange of property rights and control as a condition of the innovation process effectiveness at collaboration between university and enterprise

INTRODUCTION Currently, the innovative development of the enterprise is considered to be an urgent task. Implementation of innovation in the economic activity of the enterprise is a complex process. Thus, effective innovation process conditions and factors, as well as mechanisms of its control need further investigation. METHODS The study is based on general research methods such as the analysis and synthesis, the deduction and induction, the interrelation between historical and logical, laws of dialectics, and the analysis of cause and effect relationship. Special methods include the institutional approach, methods of the theory of property rights and the theory of innovation. The study is based on the works of scholars such as J.A. Schumpeter, N.D. Kondratieff, D.C. North, R.H. Coase, D. Hahn, S.Y. Glaz'ev, D.S. Lvov, J.L. Abalkin, K.S. Mullakhmetov, S.P. Robbins, M. Coulter, R.L. Daft, V. Horvath, and others. RESULTS Conducted study revels beneficial effect of property rights exchange in the innovation process. Property rights act as a vital institution of increasing confidence and values in the innovation process. The identified main stages of the innovation process are considered in a following sequence: idea → intellectual property asset → intangible assets → shares. The exchange of proprietary rights allows determining the required ratio of economic resources and create behavior scenario of the innovation process participants. DISCUSSION Special attention is paid to the transitions from stage to stage in the innovation process, as well as improvement of control procedures at each stage. It is found that the main risks occur during the transition of the innovation process from one stage to another. These stages should be taken into account when exchanging and control of property rights. The authors distinguish between sales of knowledge and intellectual property management since property rights transformation in these two cases is different. FINAL REPORT The application of the institutional approach and the property rights theory to improve the effectiveness of the innovation process is a promising and relevant tool of economic activity of university and enterprise

Chlamydia pan-genomic analysis reveals balance between host adaptation and selective pressure to genome reduction

Background Chlamydia are ancient intracellular pathogens with reduced, though strikingly conserved genome. Despite their parasitic lifestyle and isolated intracellular environment, these bacteria managed to avoid accumulation of deleterious mutations leading to subsequent genome degradation characteristic for many parasitic bacteria. Results We report pan-genomic analysis of sixteen species from genus Chlamydia including identification and functional annotation of orthologous genes, and characterization of gene gains, losses, and rearrangements. We demonstrate the overall genome stability of these bacteria as indicated by a large fraction of common genes with conserved genomic locations. On the other hand, extreme evolvability is confined to several paralogous gene families such as polymorphic membrane proteins and phospholipase D, and likely is caused by the pressure from the host immune system. Conclusions This combination of a large, conserved core genome and a small, evolvable periphery likely reflect the balance between the selective pressure towards genome reduction and the need to adapt to escape from the host immunity

Some mechanisms of inflammation development in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Inflammation plays a key role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a disease characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and systemic glucolipotoxicity. The main source of inflammation in the early stages of the disease is visceral adipose tissue (VT). Macrophages are innate immune cells that are present in all peripheral tissues, including VT. Violation of the response of VT (MT) macrophages to changes in the microenvironment underlies aberrant inflammation and the development of local and systemic insulin resistance. The inflammatory activation of macrophages is regulated at several levels: stimulation of cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling, transcription, and metabolic levels. Which are activated by the transformation of macrophages along the pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory pathways. Such polarization of macrophages in modern immunology is divided into classical anti-inflammatory M1 polarization and alternative anti-inflammatory M2 polarization of macrophages. The M1 / M2 ratio of macrophages in the process of inflammation ensures the resolution of inflammation at different stages of its development. The review considers the main mechanisms involved in VT inflammation and the development of insulin resistance in T2DM, supported with the participation of immunocompetent cells, M1 / M2, as well as growth factors and humoral immunity factors secreted during this process

Prevalence and Severity of Breast Arterial Calcification on Routine Mammography

Aim. To determine the frequency of detection and severity of breast arterial calcification (BAC) among women undergoing mammography on the basis of medical institutions in Moscow.Material and methods. The analysis included 4274 digital mammograms of women aged 40-93 who underwent preventive or diagnostic mammography. Standard full-format digital mammograms were performed in craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections. In addition to the standard diagnosis of breast disease, all mammograms were evaluated for the presence of BAC. The severity of BAC was assessed on a 12-point scale: mild 3-4 points, moderate 5-6 points, severe 7-12 points.Results. The average frequency of BAC was 10.1%, in the middle age group 50-59 years – 6.0%. The incidence of BAC increased with age, from 0.4% to 0.6% in women <50 years of age to >50% in women ≥80 years of age. A statistically significant and pronounced correlation was found between the woman's age and the presence of BAC r Pearson =0.769 (p<0.001). There was also a less noticeable but statistically significant correlation between age and severity of BAC r Spearman =0.319 (p<0.001). Regression analysis made it possible to estimate the probability of CAD depending on age. In women <50 years of age, only mild to moderate calcification occurred, while those ≥65 years of age had a significant increase in the incidence of severe CAD.Conclusion. There was an expected increase with age in both prevalence and severity of BAC. Cases of severe BAC in women younger than 65 years of age and any BAC in women younger than 50 years of age are atypical and require clarification of their association with cardiovascular and other diseases

Assessment of the Severity of Breast Artery Calcification on a Mammogram: Intraoperator and Interoperator Reproducibility

Purpose. To study approaches to the quantitative assessment of breast arterial calcification (BAC) – a new surrogate marker of high cardiovascular risk in women, to determine the most detailed way to quantify BAC and to assess the reproducibility of these parameters.Material and methods. Mammograms of 1,078 women were analyzed for the presence of BAC. The intraoperator reproducibility of the assessment of the severity of BAC using a 12-point scale (Margolies L et al., 2016) was studied by analyzing 20 mammograms by the same operator twice with an interval of at least 2 weeks. Inter-operator reproducibility was studied by analyzing 99 mammograms by two independent operators.Results. When assessing the intraoperative reproducibility of the total score for each mammary gland, the exact coincidence of the results was noted in 70% (95% confidence interval [CI] 53.5-83.4), in cases of difference of no more than 1 point – in 27.5% (95%CI 14.6-43.9), only in 1 case the difference in assessments was 2 points. No systematic error was found between the two measurements (p=1.0), the correlation coefficient was rs=0.973. The assessment of inter-operator reproducibility showed that the exact coincidence of indicators was present in 48.5% (95%CI 41.3-55.7), in 91.4% (95% CI 86.6-94.9) cases, the total score for each the mammary gland differed by no more than 1 point. There was no systematic error between the measurements of the two experts (p=0.438), the correlation coefficient was rs=0.942.Conclusion. A good intraoperator and interoperator reproducibility of indicators of the severity of BAC on a 12-point scale has been shown, which makes it possible to recommend it for use in science and practice

Модифицированные блокады надключичного и грудных нервов при имплантации внутривенной порт-системы у онкологических пациентов

Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia can be an effective way to achieve analgesia during implantation of permanent intravenous port systems.The aim of the study was to improve the quality of perioperative analgesia during placement of permanent intravenous port systems.Material and methods. The prospective randomized study included 93 patients with malignant neoplasms. Patients were randomized into 3 groups, 31 people each, who were implanted with a permanent intravenous port system in 2019–2022. Group 1 patients were implanted under local infiltration anesthesia (LIA). Ultrasound-guided pectoral nerves block (PECS1) in group 2 was supplemented by LIA. In group 3 ultrasoundguided selective supraclavicular (SC) nerve block was supplemented with LIA. Pain intensity was assessed on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS) at rest and while moving at 8, 16, 32 and 72 hours after implantation. The inflammatory postoperative stress response was assessed by the dynamics of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 1-β (IL 1-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6). We also analyzed the correlation of proinflammatory cytokines levels with VAS-measured pain intensity at the stages of the study taking into account a potential relationship between IL-6 and IL-1β fluctuations and the severity of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.Results. In groups 2 (PECS1) and 3 (SC nerve block), pain intensity measured by VAS at rest and while conducting daily activities was significantly lower than in group 1 (LIA). CRP levels were also significantly lower in group 2 and 3 patients as compared to group 1. The lowest IL-6 and IL-1β concentrations after port implantation were revealed in a group 3 in 24 hours after the procedure, persisting through day 3. There was a correlationbetween proinflammatory cytokines levels and pain intensity.Conclusion. Implantation of an intravenous port system under local infiltration anesthesia causes a significant inflammatory response in cancer patients, which can be balanced by regional techniques. Selective supraclavicular nerve block in combination with a local anesthesia for intravenous port implantation demonstrated the greatest analgesic potential and requires significantly reduced amounts of local anesthetic compared to pectoral nerves block in combination with LIA, or only local infiltration anesthesia.Методы регионарной анестезии под контролем ультразвука могут быть эффективным средством анальгезии при имплантации постоянных внутривенных порт-систем.Цель исследования. Улучшение качества периоперационной анальгезии при установке постоянных внутривенных порт-систем.Материал и методы. В проспективное рандомизированное исследование включили 93 пациентов со злокачественными новообразованиями, рандомизированных на 3 группы по 31 человеку в каждой, которым в 2019–2022 гг. имплантировали постоянную внутривенную порт-систему. Пациентам 1-й группы имплантацию выполняли под местной инфильтрационной анестезией (МИА). Пациентам 2-й группы проводили блокаду грудных нервов (БГН)+МИА под контролем ультразвука, дополненную МИА. У пациентов 3-й группы использовали селективную блокаду надключичного нерва (СБНН) под контролем ультразвука, дополненную МИА. Интенсивность боли оценивали по визуальной аналоговой шкале (ВАШ) в покое и при движении, используя 100 мм линейку, через 8, 16, 32 и 72 ч от имплантации. Воспалительный послеоперационный стресс-ответ оценивали по динамике С-реактивного белка (СРБ), интерлейкина 1-β (IL 1-β), интерлейкина-6 (IL-6). Учитывая связь изменений IL-6 и IL-1β с выраженностью воспалительной и нейропатический боли, провели анализ корреляции содержания провоспалительных цитокинов с показателями боли по ВАШ на этапах исследования.Результаты. В группах 2 (БГН) и 3 (СБНН) выраженность боли по ВАШ в покое и при движении была значительно меньше, чем в группе 1 (МИА). Концентрация СРБ у пациентов 2-й и 3-й групп, в сравнении с таковой у пациентов 1-й группы, была также существенно ниже. Отметили, что концентрация IL-6 и IL-1β после имплантации порт – системы была наиболее низкой через сутки в 3-й группе, причем отличия по IL-6 в той же группе сохранялись и на 3-и сут. Выявили корреляционную зависимость между содержанием провоспалительных цитокинов и выраженностью боли.Заключение. Имплантация внутривенной порт-системы, выполненная под местной инфильтрационной анестезией, вызывает значимый воспалительный ответ у онкологических пациентов, который может быть нивелирован использованием регионарных методов. Селективная блокада надключичного нерва в сочетании с местной анестезией при имплантации внутривенных порт-систем обладает наибольшим анальгетическим потенциалом и требует значительно меньшего количества местного анестетика, в сравнении с блокадой грудных нервов в сочетании с местных анестезий, а также — только местной инфильтрационной анестезией