The Quality Evaluation of Smoke Flavored Catfish (Cryptopterus Bicirchis) Compared to Traditionally Smoked Fish During Storage

The research aimed to compare the quality of smoke flavored to the traditionally smokedcatfish smoked catfish (Cryptopterus bicirchis). The research was using experimental methodand composed as a randomized block design. There were two smoking methods, those weretraditionally hot smoking and liquid smoking. The liquid smoke used for soaking the fish wasvaried to crude liquid smoke and redistilled liquid smoke. The quality of the smoked fishproducts were evaluated for the value of sensory, water content, value of pH, content of totalacid, content of total phenol, and TPC. The result showed that the quality of all smoke catfishproduct could be stored for 30 days at room temperature. At the first day before storage, thevalue of the appearance was 8,8, the value of the odor was 8,7, the value of the flavor was 8,8,and the value of the texture was 8,8. The chemical characteristic showed that the content ofmoisture was 14.38 %, the pH value was 6.7, content of the total acids was 3.75%, content of thetotal phenols was 0.97 ppm, and the TPC was 3.65 cfu/g. However, up to the end of the storage,the ptoduct of traditionally smoked catfish was indicating the highest quality, showed by thehighest sensory value of the product at the end of storage. The value of the appearance was 6,8(the surface appearance was intact, tidy, the color was getting dim), the value of the odor was 7,1(the specific smell of smoke started dwindling and bad odor compounds started to smell), thevalue of the flavor was 6,6 (the savory flavor and the specific flavor started dwindling, bad flavorcompounds started to taste), and the value of the texture was 6,8 (the texture started fragile andsomewhat moist)

Application of Liquid Smoke for Smoke Flavored Fish (Cryptopterus Bicirchis) Processing

The research was aimed to determine the good kinds of firewood as smoke liquid material for producing smoke flavored catfish (Cryproterus bicirchis) mostly preferred by consumers. The method used was experimental and composed as completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments were the used of different liquid smoke to produce smoke flavored catfish. The liquid smoke was pyrolyzed from different kinds of firewood, namely: laban wood (Vitex pubescens), rubber wood (Hevea Brasiliensis), coconut shell (Cocos nucifera), and coconut fibers. The smoke flavored catfish produced were evaluated for the consumer preference assessed by hedonic test and the characteristic of physico- assessed for the content of moisture, total acid and total fenol, and the value of pH. The results showed that the best kind of firewood used for smoke material of liquid smoke was distilled laban wood because it had the highest score of aroma 7.7, existence 7.7, flavor 7.5, and texture 7.6 but not significantly different to those exposed on coconut shell. It was containing 0.8 ppm of total phenols, 0.4 % of total acid and pH value 6.2. Thus, the diminishing availability of laban wood in the nature could be replaced by the coconut shell as a biomass of agricultural waste

Molecular theory of elastic constants of liquid crystals. III. Application to smectic phases with tilted orientational order

Using the density functional formalism we derive expression for the distortion free energy for systems with continuous broken symmetry and use it to derive expression for the elastic constants of smectic phases in which director is tilted with respect to the smectic layer normal. As in the previous papers of the series (Phys. Rev. A {\bf 45}, 974 (1992), E {\bf 49}, 501, (1994)) the expressions for the elastic constants are written in terms of order and structural parameters. The structural parameters involve the generalised spherical harmonic coefficients of the direct pair correlation function of an effective isotropic liquid. The density of this effective isotropic liquid depends on the nature and amount of ordering present in the system and is evaluated self- consistently. We estimate the value of elastic constants using reasonable guess for the order and structural- parameters.Comment: 31 pages; 1 Fig. in GIF format, To be appear in Phys. Rev.

Numerical study of surface-induced reorientation and smectic layering in a nematic liquid crystal

Surface-induced profiles of both nematic and smectic order parameters in a nematic liquid crystal, ranging from an orienting substrate to "infinity", were evaluated numerically on base of an extended Landau theory. In order to obtain a smooth behavior of the solutions at "infinity" a boundary energy functional was derived by linearizing the Landau energy around its equilibrium solutions. We find that the intrinsic wave number of the smectic structure, which plays the role of a coupling between nematic and smectic order, strongly influences the director reorientation. Whereas the smectic order is rapidly decaying when moving away from the surface, the uniaxial nematic order parameter shows an oscillatory behavior close to the substrate, accompanied by a non-zero local biaxiality.Comment: LaTeX, 17 pages, with 4 postscript figure

SURFACE HARDENING PADA BAHAN STAINLESS STEEL 304 DENGAN ALAT RF-PLASMA NITROCARBURIZING

Surface hardening pada bahan Stainless Steel 304 dengan alat RF-plasma nitrocarburizing. Surface hardening pada bahan Stainless Steel 304 dengan alat RF-plasma nitrocarburizing telah dikerjakan. Beberapa samples telah di-nitrocarburizing pada temperatur 4000C selama (0,5-6) jam. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa, pada sample awal kekerasan bahan SUS 304 adalah 260,58 Kgf/mm2, setelah di-nitrocarburizing pada temperatur 400 0C selama 6 jam, kekerasannya menjadi 347,62 Kgf/mm2, sedangkan kedalaman maximum atom-atom nitrogen dan carbon yang terdifusi kedalam bahan SUS 304 ialah 109,1 micrometer. Pengamatan strukturmikro menunjukkan bahwa pada sample yang telah di nitrocarburizing pada temperatur 400 0C selama 6 jam terlihat jelas adanya lapisan atom-atom N dan C di dalam bahan SUS 304. Samples awal dan yang dinitrocarburizing pada 400 0C (t = 6 jam) terdapat matrix yang sama yaitu γ-phase, δ-ferrite, dan twinning transformation. Kata kunci : Nitrocarburizing, RF- plasma, SUS 304, kekerasan, struktur mikro   Surface hardening on stainless steel 304 material with RF-plasma nitrocarburizing. Surface hardening on stainless steel 304 material with RF-plasma nitrocarburizing made in BATAN have been carried out. Some samples was nitrocarburized at temperature 400 0C for (0,5-6) hour. The results show that the hardness of untreated sample of SUS 304 material was 260,58 Kgf/mm2, after the sample nitrocarburized at temperature 400 0C for 6 hour, the hardness increased up to 347,62 Kgf/mm2. Furthermore, the maximum depth of carbon and nitrogen atoms that diffused in SUS 304 was 109,1 micrometer. Microstructure observation shows that the sample after nitrocarburized at temperature 400 0C for 6 hour to be seen very clear that there are layer of N and C atoms in SUS304 material. Un-treated sample and sample that nitrocarburized at temperatur 400 0C (t = 6 jam) have same matrixes namely, γ-phase, δ-ferrite, and twinning transformation. Key words : Nitrocarburizing, RF- plasma, SUS304, hardness, microstructur