Energy averages and fluctuations in the decay out of superdeformed bands

We derive analytic formulae for the energy average (including the energy average of the fluctuation contribution) and variance of the intraband decay intensity of a superdeformed band. Our results may be expressed in terms of three dimensionless variables: $\Gamma^{\downarrow}/\Gamma_S$, $\Gamma_N/d$, and $\Gamma_N/(\Gamma_S+\Gamma^{\downarrow})$. Here $\Gamma^{\downarrow}$ is the spreading width for the mixing of a superdeformed (SD) state $|0>$ with the normally deformed (ND) states $|Q>$ whose spin is the same as $|0>$'s. The $|Q>$ have mean level spacing $d$ and mean electromagnetic decay width $\Gamma_N$ whilst $|0>$ has electromagnetic decay width $\Gamma_S$. The average decay intensity may be expressed solely in terms of the variables $\Gamma^{\downarrow}/\Gamma_S$ and $\Gamma_N/d$ or, analogously to statistical nuclear reaction theory, in terms of the transmission coefficients $T_0(E)$ and $T_N$ describing transmission from the $|Q>$ to the SD band via $|0\angle$ and to lower ND states. The variance of the decay intensity, in analogy with Ericson's theory of cross section fluctuations depends on an additional variable, the correlation length \Gamma_N/(\Gamma_S+\Gamma^{\downarrow})=\frac{d}{2\pi}T_N/(\Gamma_S+\Gamma^{\d ownarrow}). This suggests that analysis of an experimentally obtained variance could yield the mean level spacing $d$ as does analysis of the cross section autocorrelation function in compound nuclear reactions. We compare our results with those of Gu and Weidenm\"uller.Comment: revtex4, 14 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Physical Review

Doença de Chagas: anticorpos IgG, IgM e IgA contra antígenos de amastigota, tripomastigota e epimastigota de T. cruzi em formas agudas e em diferentes formas crônicas da doença

In an attempt to find a better T. cruzi antigen and possible immunological markers for the diagnosis of different clinical forms of Chagas' disease, amastigote and trypomastigote antigens obtained from immunosuppressed mice infected with T. cruzi (Y strain) were assessed in comparison with conventional epimastigote antigens. A total of 506 serum samples from patients with acute and with chronic (indeterminate, cardiac and digestive) forms, from nonchagasic infections, and from healthy individuals were assayed in immunofluorescence (IF) tests, to search for IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies. Amastigote proved to be the most convenient antigen for our purposes, providing higher relative efficiency indexes of 0.946, 0.871 and 0.914 for IgG, IgM and IgA IF tests, respectively. Anti-amastigote antibodies presented higher geometric mean titers (GMT) than anti-trypomastigote and anti-epimastigote. Anti-amastigote IgG antibodies were found in all forms of Chagas' disease, and predominantly IgA antibodies, in chronic digestive and in acute forms, as well as IgM antibodies, in latter forms. Thus, tests with amastigote antigen could be helpful for screening chagasic infections in blood banks. Practical and economical aspects in obtaining amastigotes as here described speak in favour of its use in developing countries, since those from other sources require more complex system of substruction, specialized personnel or equipment.Com o intúito de se aperfeiçoar o diagnóstico sorológico das diferentes formas clínicas da doença de Chagas, foram estudados antígenos de formas amastigota e tripomastigota, obtidas de camundongos imunossuprimidos infectados com cepa Y de T. cruzi, em comparação com o de epimastigota convencionalmente utilizado. Um total de 506 amostras de soro de pacientes chagásicos com formas aguda e crônicas (indeterminada, cardíaca e digestiva), de indivíduos com infecções não relacionadas e de indivíduos sadios foi analisado por reação de imunofluorescência, para detecção de anticorpos IgG, IgM e IgA. O antígeno de amastigota apresentou os mais altos índices de eficiência relativa em testes de IF IgG (0,946), IF IgM (0,871) e IF IgA (0,914), mostrando ser mais conveniente para a finalidade proposta. Anticorpos anti-amastigota apresentaram médias geométricas de títulos mais altas que anti-tripomastigota e anti-epimastigota. Anticorpos IgG anti-amastigota foram encontrados em todas as formas clínicas da doença de Chagas, e anticorpos IgA foram encontrados predominantemente em formas crônicas digestivas e em formas agudas, além de anticorpos IgM nestas últimas formas. Portanto, testes com antígeno amastigota poderiam ser úteis para a triagem de indivíduos chagásicos em bancos de sangue. Aspectos práticos e econômicos na obtenção de amastigotas, conforme descrito neste trabalho favorecem seu uso em países em desenvolvimento, já que o antígeno obtido por meio de outras fontes requer uma infraestrutura mais complexa, equipamentos e pessoal especializados