Genomic basis of the differences between cider and dessert apple varieties

Unravelling the genomic processes at play during variety diversification is of fundamental interest for understanding evolution, but also of applied interest in crop science. It can indeed provide knowledge on the genetic bases of traits for crop improvement and germplasm diversity management. Apple is one of the most important fruit crops in temperate regions, having both great economic and cultural values. Sweet dessert apples are used for direct consumption while bitter cider apples are used to produce cider. Several important traits are known to differentiate the two variety types, in particular fruit size, biennial versus annual fruit bearing and bitterness, caused by a higher content in polyphenols. Here, we used an Illumina 8K SNP chip on two core collections, of 48 dessert and 48 cider apples, respectively, for identifying genomic regions responsible for the differences between cider and dessert apples. The genome-wide level of genetic differentiation between cider and dessert apples was low, although 17 candidate regions showed signatures of divergent selection, displaying either outlier FST values or significant association with phenotypic traits (bitter versus sweet fruits). These candidate regions encompassed 420 genes involved in a variety of functions and metabolic pathways, including several colocalizations with QTLs for polyphenol compounds

Pre- and post-selection, weak values, and contextuality

By analyzing the concept of contextuality (Bell-Kochen-Specker) in terms of pre-and-post-selection (PPS), it is possible to assign definite values to observables in a new and surprising way. Physical reasons are presented for restrictions on these assignments. When measurements are performed which do not disturb the pre- and post-selection (i.e. weak measurements), then novel experimental aspects of contextuality can be demonstrated including a proof that every PPS-paradox with definite predictions implies contextuality. Certain results of these measurements (eccentric weak values with e.g. negative values outside the spectrum), however, cannot be explained by a "classical-like" hidden variable theory.Comment: Identical content; stream-lined verbal presentatio

Guide du médecin examinateur de l'assistance aux vieillards, infirmes et incurables, et du médecin inspecteur des enfants protégés et assistés et des écoles. Préface de M. le Dr Émile Reymond,... / Dr E. Ravon,...

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Engineering of coordination polymers for shape selective alkylation of large aromatics and the role of defects

Ravon, Ugo Savonnet, Marie Aguado, Sonia Domine, Marcelo E. Janneau, Erwann Farrusseng, David 1st International Conference on Metal-Organic Frameworks and Open Framework Compounds (MOFO8) OCT 08-10, 2008 Augsburg, GERMANY Sp. Iss. SIFor economic and environmental reasons, there is a strong incentive to replace of homogeneous by green and efficient heterogeneous processes in catalysis. The Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatics is a marking example. Numbers of homogeneous catalysts (such as HF, H2SO3, and AlCl3) have been replaced by H-form zeolites. However, large pore zeolite can not accommodate bulk aromatic molecules and/or alkylating agents avoiding the reaction to take place within the porous network. Due to their larger pore size. metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) open the doors to the alkylation of very large poly-aromatic compounds. We report different approaches for the design of acid shape selective MOFs. The first refers to a "zeolite mimetic" approach. It deals with the design of porous Zn or Al based MOF exhibiting bridging -OH species (MOF-69, MIL-53 Al) like those found in zeolites [Si-O(H)-Al]. The second approach aims at synthesizing MOF materials having structural defects to generate active catalytic centers. Two different synthetic strategies were investigated, either by fast precipitation or by the partial Substitution of dicarboxylic by mono-carboxylic acid linkers. Acid centers have been characterized by solid H-1 NMR and Diffuse Reflectance IR. The mono-alkylation of biphenyl with tert-BuCl is achieved with 100% of para-selectivity, well superior to H-MOR and H-BEA reference zeolites. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Solid state and Material engineering approaches for highly shape selective alkylations

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MOFs as acid catalysts with shape selectivity properties

International audienceMOFs permit the paraalkylation of large polyaromatic compounds with nearly 100% of regioselectivity, offering new alternatives to standard zeolite catalysts

Making MOFs acid green catalysts

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Exploring Ice Age Island: Eight years of Early Prehistoric Research in the Channel Island of Jersey

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