46 research outputs found
The Study of Adherence to Drug Therapy at the Stage of Outpatient Follow-up in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction (Data from the PROFIL-IM Registry)
Aim. To assess adherence to the recommended therapy at the stage of outpatient follow-up and its impact on long-term outcomes in patients after acute myocardial infarction based on the materials of the prospective PROFILE-IM registry.Material and methods. The PROFILE-IM register included 160 patients who applied to one of the polyclinics in Moscow after a myocardial infarction. The combined endpoint (CE) included death from any cause, cardiovascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal cerebral stroke), emergency hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases, significant cardiac arrhythmias. Patients' adherence to therapy was assessed using the original questionnaire "Scale of Adherence of the National Society of Evidence-based Pharmacotherapy" (NODF) and a direct standardized patient survey by a doctor about taking medications. Visits to the doctor were carried out every two months, data from the first year of patient follow-up are presented.Results. In a personal interview with a doctor, the ratio of the proportion of committed, partially committed and non-committed patients did not change significantly over the entire follow-up period, while the proportion of committed patients was 81-85%. The "NODF Adherence Scale" showed that the proportion of non-committed patients was about 10 times higher than with direct patient responses to the doctor, and the proportion of non-committed and partially committed patients remained high at all stages of follow-up (respectively 28% and 10% at the beginning of the study, 18% and 10% at the end of the study). Among the main factors of non-commitment, there was a decrease in the importance of forgetfulness and an increase in factors such as fear of side effects of medications, doubt about the need for long-term use of medications and well-being. A direct relationship of adherence with the male sex, the presence of hypertension, a feedback relationship with alcohol consumption was revealed. The risk of CE in non-committed patients was higher compared to the group of committed and partially committed patients (p<0.01).Conclusion. The proportion of non-committed and partially committed patients remained high at all stages of follow-up. There was a direct relationship between adherence to therapy with the male sex, the presence of hypertension in the anamnesis, and a feedback relationship with alcohol consumption. Low adherence to therapy significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular events
Views of the Chiral Magnetic Effect
My personal views of the Chiral Magnetic Effect are presented, which starts
with a story about how we came up with the electric-current formula and
continues to unsettled subtleties in the formula. There are desirable features
in the formula of the Chiral Magnetic Effect but some considerations would lead
us to even more questions than elucidations. The interpretation of the produced
current is indeed very non-trivial and it involves a lot of confusions that
have not been resolved.Comment: 19 pages, no figure; typos corrected, references significantly
updated, to appear in Lect. Notes Phys. "Strongly interacting matter in
magnetic fields" (Springer), edited by D. Kharzeev, K. Landsteiner, A.
Schmitt, H.-U. Ye
Chiral drag force
We provide a holographic evaluation of novel contributions to the drag force
acting on a heavy quark moving through strongly interacting plasma. The new
contributions are chiral in that they act in opposite directions in plasmas
containing an excess of left- or right-handed quarks and in that they are
proportional to the coefficient of the axial anomaly. These new contributions
to the drag force act either parallel to or antiparallel to an external
magnetic field or to the vorticity of the fluid plasma. In all these respects,
these contributions to the drag force felt by a heavy quark are analogous to
the chiral magnetic effect on light quarks. However, the new contribution to
the drag force is independent of the electric charge of the heavy quark and is
the same for heavy quarks and antiquarks. We show that although the chiral drag
force can be non-vanishing for heavy quarks that are at rest in the local fluid
rest frame, it does vanish for heavy quarks that are at rest in a suitably
chosen frame. In this frame, the heavy quark at rest sees counterpropagating
momentum and charge currents, both proportional to the axial anomaly
coefficient, but feels no drag force. This provides strong concrete evidence
for the absence of dissipation in chiral transport, something that has been
predicted previously via consideration of symmetries. Along the way to our
principal results, we provide a general calculation of the corrections to the
drag force due to the presence of gradients in the flowing fluid in the
presence of a nonzero chemical potential. We close with a consequence of our
result that is at least in principle observable in heavy ion collisions, namely
an anticorrelation between the direction of the CME current for light quarks in
a given event and the direction of the kick given to the momentum of all the
heavy quarks and antiquarks in that event.Comment: 28 pages, small improvement to the discussion of gravitational
anomaly, references adde
Parity-Violating Hydrodynamics in 2+1 Dimensions
We study relativistic hydrodynamics of normal fluids in two spatial
dimensions. When the microscopic theory breaks parity, extra transport
coefficients appear in the hydrodynamic regime, including the Hall viscosity,
and the anomalous Hall conductivity. In this work we classify all the transport
coefficients in first order hydrodynamics. We then use properties of response
functions and the positivity of entropy production to restrict the possible
coefficients in the constitutive relations. All the parity-breaking transport
coefficients are dissipationless, and some of them are related to the
thermodynamic response to an external magnetic field and to vorticity. In
addition, we give a holographic example of a strongly interacting relativistic
fluid where the parity-violating transport coefficients are computable.Comment: 39+1 page
Holographic Charged Fluid with Anomalous Current at Finite Cutoff Surface in Einstein-Maxwell Gravity
The holographic charged fluid with anomalous current in Einstein-Maxwell
gravity has been generalized from the infinite boundary to the finite cutoff
surface by using the gravity/fluid correspondence. After perturbing the boosted
Reissner-Nordstrom (RN)-AdS black brane solution of the Einstein-Maxwell
gravity with the Chern-Simons term, we obtain the first order perturbative
gravitational and Maxwell solutions, and calculate the stress tensor and
charged current of the dual fluid at finite cutoff surfaces which contains
undetermined parameters after demanding regularity condition at the future
horizon. We adopt the Dirichlet boundary condition and impose the Landau frame
to fix these parameters, finally obtain the dependence of transport
coefficients in the dual stress tensor and charged current on the arbitrary
radical cutoff . We find that the dual fluid is not conformal, but it has
vanishing bulk viscosity, and the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio is
universally . Other transport coefficients of the dual current turns
out to be cutoff-dependent. In particular, the chiral vortical conductivity
expressed in terms of thermodynamic quantities takes the same form as that of
the dual fluid at the asymptotic AdS boundary, and the chiral magnetic
conductivity receives a cutoff-dependent correction which vanishes at the
infinite boundary.Comment: 19 pages, v2: references added, v3: typos corrected, v5: typos
corrected, version accepted for publication in JHE
Anomalous Transport from Kubo Formulae
Chiral anomalies have profound impact on the transport properties of
relativistic fluids. In four dimensions there are different types of anomalies,
pure gauge and mixed gauge-gravitational anomalies. They give rise to two new
non-dissipative transport coefficients, the chiral magnetic conductivity and
the chiral vortical conductivity. They can be calculated from the microscopic
degrees of freedom with the help of Kubo formulae. We review the calculation of
the anomalous transport coefficients via Kubo formulae with a particular
emphasis on the contribution of the mixed gauge-gravitational anomaly.Comment: 36 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; to appear in Lect. Notes Phys.
"Strongly interacting matter in magnetic fields" (Springer), edited by D.
Kharzeev, K. Landsteiner, A. Schmitt, H.-U. Yee; v2 small changes in
introduction, added references; v3 corrected eq. (21) and added eq. (77),
added reference
A theory of first order dissipative superfluid dynamics
We determine the most general form of the equations of relativistic
superfluid hydrodynamics consistent with Lorentz invariance, time-reversal
invariance, the Onsager principle and the second law of thermodynamics at first
order in the derivative expansion. Once parity is violated, either because the
symmetry is anomalous or as a consequence of a different parity-breaking
mechanism, our results deviate from the standard textbook analysis of
superfluids. Our general equations require the specification of twenty
parameters (such as the viscosity and conductivity). In the limit of small
relative superfluid velocities we find a seven parameter set of equations. In
the same limit, we have used the AdS/CFT correspondence to compute the parity
odd contributions to the superfluid equations of motion for a generic
holographic model and have verified that our results are consistent.Comment: v1: 84+1 pages; v2: a sign error corrected, and the assumption of
time-reversal invariance made explici
A Chiral Magnetic Effect from AdS/CFT with Flavor
For (3+1)-dimensional fermions, a net axial charge and external magnetic
field can lead to a current parallel to the magnetic field. This is the chiral
magnetic effect. We use gauge-gravity duality to study the chiral magnetic
effect in large-Nc, strongly-coupled N=4 supersymmetric SU(Nc) Yang-Mills
theory coupled to a number Nf << Nc of N=2 hypermultiplets in the Nc
representation of SU(Nc), i.e. flavor fields. Specifically, we introduce an
external magnetic field and a time-dependent phase for the mass of the flavor
fields, which is equivalent to an axial chemical potential for the flavor
fermions, and we compute holographically the resulting chiral magnetic current.
For massless flavors we find that the current takes the value determined by the
axial anomaly. For massive flavors the current appears only in the presence of
a condensate of pseudo-scalar mesons, and has a smaller value than for massless
flavors, dropping to zero for sufficiently large mass or magnetic field. The
axial symmetry in our system is part of the R-symmetry, and the states we study
involve a net flow of axial charge to the adjoint sector from an external
source coupled to the flavors. We compute the time rate of change of axial
charge and of energy both in field theory and from holography, with perfect
agreement. In contrast to previous holographic models of the chiral magnetic
effect, in our system the vector current is conserved and gauge-invariant
without any special counterterms.Comment: 54 pages, 18 eps files in 6 figure
Holographic Gravitational Anomaly and Chiral Vortical Effect
We analyze a holographic model with a pure gauge and a mixed
gauge-gravitational Chern-Simons term in the action. These are the holographic
implementations of the usual chiral and the mixed gauge-gravitational anomalies
in four dimensional field theories with chiral fermions. We discuss the
holographic renormalization and show that the gauge-gravitational Chern-Simons
term does not induce new divergences. In order to cancel contributions from the
extrinsic curvature at a boundary at finite distance a new type of counterterm
has to be added however. This counterterm can also serve to make the Dirichlet
problem well defined in case the gauge field strength vanishes on the boundary.
A charged asymptotically AdS black hole is a solution to the theory and as an
application we compute the chiral magnetic and chiral vortical conductivities
via Kubo formulas. We find that the characteristic term proportional to T^2 is
present also at strong coupling and that its numerical value is not
renormalized compared to the weak coupling result.Comment: 27 pages, no figure