Poppers maculopathy as an effect of drug poisoning. A clinical case

In recent years, the range of combined narcotic drugs has widened. New chemical modifications  have emerged, including so-called designer drugs, whose action on the body and in particular on the state of vision is increasingly difficult to determine. While the problem of drug abuse is growing drastically, timely detection of a possible toxic damage to the eye induced by drugs and reliable diagnosis differentiating such damage from other etiologies becomes a topical practical issue. The paper presents a clinical case of poppers maculopathy  (poppers being a slang name of aromatic volatile alkyl nitrite compounds). Ophthalmological  manifestations and differential diagnostic criteria of the damage are described. The mechanisms of action and possible treatment methods are discussed

Amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

An increase in the growth of cardiovascular diseases has been observed in the last few years. Cardiac rhythm disturbances, especially atrial fibrillation, in absence of cardioversion and proper prophylaxis lead to thromboembolic complications. Drug therapy in rhythm disorders consists of the many antiarrhythmic drugs, prescribed for a long period of time. This fact can result to the ocular toxicy, which have insidious and slow progression. First and foremost, there is a risk of amiodarone-associated toxicity. Amiodarone affects as anterior segment structures (photosensitivity, corneal and conjunctiva deposits, anterior subcapsular cataract) as posterior segment structures (optic neuropathy). Fibers of the papillomacular bundle are the most vulnerable structures in optic nerve to the toxic effect of amiodarone due to the absence of myelination and salutatory conduction, their small size and high-energy requirements. The difficulties in diagnosis of amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy are related to slow progression (patients don’t notice symptoms until the late stages) and clinical similarity to ischemic optic neuropathy

Diagnostic Possibilities of Standard Automatic and FunctionSpecific Perimetry (HFA, Octopus) in the Study of the Visual Field in Patients with Compression in the Chiasm-Sellar Region

The literature review presents the results of a static perimetry for the study of the visual field in patients with compression in the chiasm-sellar region on the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HFA) and Octopus. These models of perimeters are recognized as the “gold standard” and are most widely used in the global ophthalmic practice. The analysis of research results using traditional and function-specific perimetry with selective stimulation of the magnocellular and koniocellular (frequency-doubling technology perimetry, FDT; short-wavelength automated perimetry, SWAP) visual pathways was performed. The literature data analysis allows us to conclude that the static perimetry for the study of the visual field in patients with chiasmatic compression is carried out quite widely and is informative. But despite this, there are no generally accepted recommendations on the use of certain testing strategies and programs for the diagnosis and further dynamic observation of changes in the visual field in patients with this pathology. In this regard, it is advisable to conduct further studies that will allow the formation of standard perimetric protocols for diagnosing and monitoring visual field defects in patients with compression in the chiasm-sellar region based on a comparative analysis of the diagnostic informativity of various strategies and programs

Diagnostic Possibilities of Optical Coherent Tomography of the Retina during Compression in the Chiasm-Sellar Region

Recovery and preservation of visual functions during compression in the chiasm-sellar region is possible in the case of early diagnosis of pathology and timely surgical decompression. Today optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina is one of the most informative methods for diagnosing pathology of the retina and optic nerve. It can, due to the presence of early diagnostic criteria, promptly detect the compression in the chiasm-sellar region and expand the indications for surgical treatment. The literature review presents the results of optical coherent tomography (OCT) of the retina during compression in the chiasm-sellar region. An analysis of literature data revealed that in patients with chiasmatic compression, the thickness of the nerve fiber layer in the peripapillary and macular areas decreases, the thickness of the macular complex, consisting of the retinal ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer, decreases. Also, there is a change in the value of asymmetry between the GCC thickness indices in the nasal and temporal halves of the macular region. It has been established that a decrease in the thickness index of a macular complex may precede changes in the visual field. According to the results of single studies, a correlation was found between the parameters of the peripapillary RNFL thickness and the the internal capillary retinal plexus density in the same areas. The results of literature sources’s analysis are summarized in the table by the parameters studied, the OCT model; etiology, treating methods and the results of the OCT study. Despite the results obtained, the early specific and sensitive OCT diagnostic criteria for chiasmatic compression have not yet been developed. In addition, a change in the thickness of GCC and RNFL can also be observed in the absence of chiasmatic compression in certain types of tumors and in the presence of comorbidities (arterial hypertension). In this regard, it is necessary to conduct further studies that will reveal the informative OСT-diagnostic criteria for compression in the chiasm-sellar region, develop diagnostic algorithms taking into account the type of tumor, the presence of concomitant pathology. Early diagnostic criteria for chiasmatic compression will expand the indications and improve the result of surgical treatment of patients

Formation of a direct Kolmogorov-like cascade of second-sound waves in He II.

Based on measurements of nonlinear second-sound resonances in a high-quality resonator, we have observed a steady-state wave energy cascade in He II involving a flux of energy through the spectral range towards high frequencies. We show that the energy balance in the wave system is nonlocal in K space and that the frequency scales of energy pumping and dissipation are widely separated. The wave amplitude distribution follows a power law over a wide range of frequencies. Numerical computations yield results in agreement with the experimental observations. We suggest that second-sound cascades of this kind may be useful for model studies of acoustic turbulence

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РЕМАКСОЛА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С НЕАЛКОГОЛЬНОЙ ЖИРОВОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ ПЕЧЕНИ

This article provides information about modern representation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as the structure, role and function of vascular endothelium in the pathogenesis of steatosis. The article presents the results of remaxol in clinical practice in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Investigated hepatic and endothelial protective effects of remaxol 5–10 day treatment and 30 days after of therapy. Early clinical effect was expressed in the normalization of endothelial function, which is the first marker of positive action endothelial protective effects of remaxol, compared with laboratory and sonographic evidence. В статье приведены сведения о современном представлении о неалкогольной жировой болезни печени, а также о структуре, роли и функции сосудистого эндотелия в патогенезе гепатостеатоза. В статье представлены результаты применения ремаксола в клинической практике у пациентов с неалкогольной жировой болезнью печени. Исследовано гепатопротективное и эндотелиопротективное действие ремаксола на 5–10-й день терапии и 30-й день после окончания терапии. Ранний клинический эффект выразился в  нормализации функции эндотелия, который является первым маркером положительного эндотелиопротективного действия ремаксола, по сравнению лабораторными и сонографическими данными. </p

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ РЕМАКСОЛА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С НЕАЛКОГОЛЬНОЙ ЖИРОВОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ ПЕЧЕНИ

This article provides information about modern representation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as the structure, role and function of vascular endothelium in the pathogenesis of steatosis. The article presents the results of remaxol in clinical practice in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Investigated hepatic and endothelial protective effects of remaxol 5–10 day treatment and 30 days after of therapy. Early clinical effect was expressed in the normalization of endothelial function, which is the first marker of positive action endothelial protective effects of remaxol, compared with laboratory and sonographic evidence. В статье приведены сведения о современном представлении о неалкогольной жировой болезни печени, а также о структуре, роли и функции сосудистого эндотелия в патогенезе гепатостеатоза. В статье представлены результаты применения ремаксола в клинической практике у пациентов с неалкогольной жировой болезнью печени. Исследовано гепатопротективное и эндотелиопротективное действие ремаксола на 5–10-й день терапии и 30-й день после окончания терапии. Ранний клинический эффект выразился в  нормализации функции эндотелия, который является первым маркером положительного эндотелиопротективного действия ремаксола, по сравнению лабораторными и сонографическими данными.