Automated control system for a mashing process

The goal of this paper is to describe a system for a mashing process, which is the first part of brewing beer. The mashing is a procedure where the fermentable (and some non-fermentable) sugars are extracted from malts. The program part based on LabVIEW, which is used to control NI CompactRIO. The main target of the project is to reach a predefined levels of the temperatures and maintain it during the pauses. When the necessary break time is ended the system is ready to go to the new value. The precise control of the temperatures during the breaks is one of the critical factors that define the texture and alcohol content of the beer. The system has two tanks with resistors PT100 in both of them, heat exchanger (coil), heater and pump. The first tank has heating element in order to rise the temperature in the other one. This project has practical solution with all explanations and graphs which are proven working ability of this control system

Stimulated emission and lasing in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films

Stimulated emission and lasing in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films have been demonstrated at a temperature of 20 K using excitation by a nanosecond pulsed N 2 laser with power densities in the range from 2 to 100 kW cm − 2 . Sharp narrowing of the photoluminescence band, superlinear dependence of its intensity on excitation laser power, as well as stabilization of the spectral position and of the full-width at half-maximum of the band were observed in the films at increasing excitation intensity. The stimulated emission threshold was determined to be 20 kW cm − 2 . A gain value of 94 cm − 1 has been estimated using the variable stripe length method. Several sharp laser modes near 1.13 eV were observed above the laser threshold of I thr ~ 50 kW cm −

Study of porous monolithic sio2 prepeared by sol-gel method

For applications as catalyst supports in flow reactors, porous silica monoliths require a combination of connected pores of micron-scale and nm-scale pores. We have synthesised a range porous silica monoliths, characterised their nm-scale pores and measured their permeability coefficients k. It can be controlled by adjustment of the polymer/silane concentration ratio, whilst maintaining the specific surface area and nm-scale porosity approximately constant

Public political narratives: developing a neglected source through the exploratory case of Russia in the Putin-Medvedev era

The place of narrative in political science is an issue that resurfaces with regularity, usually focusing on the questions of generalisability, evidence and causality which lie at the heart of the discipline. Most such debate concerns the use of narrative by political scientists. Far less attention has been devoted to the use of narrative by political actors, despite its relative ubiquity. Even where such attention has been given, it concentrates less on the narrative per se, and more on its performance and impact. However, the nature of public political narratives means that analysis of them facilitates a holistic understanding of their narrators' politics. A public political narrative consists of a sequential account given by political actors connecting selected, specific developments so as to impose a desired order on them. Taking contemporary Russia as an exploratory case, narrative analysis draws out the motivations, world view and inconsistencies within the Putin-Medvedev regime. Recurring motifs and symbols identify the regime's political priorities, explaining policy choices and revealing future concerns. Narrative has a predictive aspect, identifying likely policy responses to unexpected events. Narratives capture time, and shifts in their temporalities indicate changes in self-conceptualisation and political priorities. Temporal appropriations include or exclude particular agential and causal explanations. The relationship between their plots and subplots represents a political signalling process. Public political narratives provide temporally and spatially specific exceptionalist accounts, but their combinatory quality also facilitates comparative analysis. The approach essayed here provides methodological generalisability, arguing that the neglect of public political narratives merits correcting

Stimulated emission and optical properties of solid solutions of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 direct band gap semiconductors

Stimulated emission, optical properties, and structural characteristics of non-irradiated and proton-irradiated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films deposited on soda lime glass substrates using co-evaporation of elements in a multistage process were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray spectral analysis with energy dispersion, low-temperature photoluminescence, optical transmittance and reflectance were used to study the films. Stimulated emission at low temperatures of ~20 K was found in non-irradiated and proton-irradiated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films upon excitation by laser pulses of nanosecond duration with a threshold power density of ~20 kW/cm2. It was shown that the appearance and parameters of the stimulated emission depend strongly on the concentration of ion-induced defects in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films

Photoluminescence, Stimulated and Laser Emission in CuInSe2crystals

Excitonic quality CuInSe2 crystals were studied using low-temperature (10 K) photoluminescence (PL) excited by continuous wave and nanosecond pulsed lasers at power densities from 0.01 to 76 kW/cm2. Increasing the excitation power density level to 26 kW/cm2 resulted in the appearance of a stimulated emission SE-band in the PL spectra at 1.035 eV. Further increase in the excitation level to 39 kW/cm2 generated on the top of the SE band, a structure of equidistant sharp lines attributed to laser emission. © 2021 Author(s).This work was supported by State Program of Scientific Research of the Republic of Belarus “Physical Material Science, New Materials and Technologies” (Project No. 1.4.4) and Belarusian Republican Foundation of Basic Research (Grant No. F20M-058). The research was carried out within the state assignment of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (“Spin” No. AAAA-A18-118020290104-2)

Temperature dependence of AgIn13S20 single crystal band gap

AgIn13S20 single crystals were grown by the vertical Bridgman method. The grown crystals composition was determined by X-ray spectroscopy analysis; the crystal structure was determined by X-ray method. It was shown, that AgIn13S20 compound crystallize in the cubic spinel structure. The band gaps of the obtained single crystals were estimated from transmittance spectra in the temperature range of 10-320 K. The band gap values decreased with temperature