The time as an emergent property of quantum mechanics, a synthetic description of a first experimental approach

The "problem of time" in present physics substantially consists in the fact that a straightforward quantization of the general relativistic evolution equation and constraints generates for the Universe wave function the Wheeler-De Witt equation, which describes a static Universe. Page and Wootters considered the fact that there exist states of a system composed by entangled subsystems that are stationary, but one can interpret the component subsystems as evolving: this leads them to suppose that the global state of the universe can be envisaged as one of this static entangled state, whereas the state of the subsystems can evolve. Here we synthetically present an experiment, based on PDC polarization entangled photons, that allows showing with a practical example a situation where this idea works, i.e. a subsystem of an entangled state works as a "clock" of another subsystem

БИЗНЕС-МОДЕЛЬ И ЕЕ РОЛЬ В РАЗРАБОТКЕ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ (АНАЛИЗ ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ КОНЦЕПЦИЙ)

Nowadays, the development of an effective innovation policy is one of the priority issues of the socioeconomic development of Russia and many other countries. However, despite the efforts made, not all of them succeeded in its solution. In Russia, like in a number of other states, the expert community continue to search  or effective ways to influence microeconomic entities and, above all, businesses that would yield an adequate response. Therefore, any attempt to reveal structures which, when affected, would lead to the increase in the innovative activity of commercial organizations, are not only of theoretical but also of great practical interest. The paper analyzes proposals of foreign authors on the solution of this problem. The foreign approaches under study are focused on the recognition of the business model as a special component of commercial organizations. Its specifics should be taken into account in development and implementation of the state innovation policy in relation to business. As part of a general critical analysis of the approaches, the author summarized and systematized the existing views on the contents of business models, their types and relationships with innovations in organizations. At present, there is no common understanding in the literature that the choice of particular types of business models determining different sources of innovative activity in response to the corresponding state policy requires a prudent attitude and preliminary clarification of a number of additional conditions. The most significant of these include the type of a business model, the stability of its reproduction and position in the industry markets. The conclusions made in the paper require that new important areas of theoretical research into the domestic economy should be developed. They should be directed towards the determination of business model types in different economic sectors, their stability and development of a corresponding state innovation course with respect to them. Along with above, these conclusions lay the foundations for practical efforts to implement innovative strategies developed for enterprizes with different types of business models.В настоящее время среди первоочередных проблем общественно-экономического развития России и многих других стран стоит вопрос о разработке эффективной инновационной политики. Однако несмотря на предпринимаемые усилия, многим пока не удается решить его. В нашей стране, как и в целом ряде других государств, ученые и практики продолжают вести поиски результативных способов воздействия на микроэкономические субъекты, и в первую очередь на бизнес, которые бы вызвали адекватный ответ. Поэтому попытки выявить те структуры, влияние на которые обеспечило бы повышение инновационной активности коммерческих организаций, представляют не только теоретический, но и большой практический интерес. Анализу предложений зарубежных авторов по решению этого вопроса посвящена настоящая статья. В центре внимания исследуемых подходов иностранных ученых лежало признание бизнес-модели как специфического элемента коммерческих организаций, особенности которого следует непременно учитывать при разработке и реализации государственной инновационной политики в отношении бизнеса. В рамках общего критического анализа подходов автор обобщил и систематизировал имеющиеся взгляды на содержание бизнес-моделей, их типы и связи с инновациями в организациях. В настоящее время по данному вопросу в специальной литературе еще не сложилось однозначного понимания, что обращение к разным типам бизнес-моделей как обусловливающим разные источники инновационной активности в ответ на соответствующую государственную политику требует осмотрительного отношения и предварительного выяснения целого ряда дополнительных условий. К наиболее существенным из них относятся тип бизнес-модели, стабильность ее воспроизводства и положения на отраслевых рынках. Сделанные в статье выводы заставляют обратиться к новым важным направлениям теоретических исследований отечественной экономики, касающихся определения типов бизнес-моделей в разных экономических секторах, их устойчивости и разработки соответствующего государственного инновационного курса по отношению к ним. Вместе с тем эти выводы закладывают основы и для практических усилий по реализации инновационных стратегий, разработанных в отношении производств с разными типами бизнес-моделей

THE INNOVATIONS’ MONITORING IN THE DEVELOPED ECONOMIES: THE SYSTEMS OF INDICATORS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN RUSSIA

Relevance. Further to the postindustrial transition and the Forth Industrial revolution challenges operating nowadays in the world the Russian federation leaders task the nation to provide intensive innovation development of the economy and society with the effective administration of the process. The fulfillment requires toapply to such a praxis in the developed economies with the advanced manufacturing. Research object. The paper provides the analysis of the innovative activity indicators systems of the three developed economies leading in the world for a long time in manufacturing as well as in the novelties production and commercialization spheres, i.e. USA, Japan and Germany. Herewith the main principles of the systems’ formulation, bases to select their particular indicators has been determined, the element composition analyzed and their structures compared. Methods. To solve the task various research instruments have been applied: the system analysis, the content analysis, the comparative one and others. The institutional and evolutional theories and the modern political-economic approaches constituted the methodological basis of the research. Results. The operation of the research facilitated the determination of the perspective approaches to form the systems of innovation activity indicators there to be applied and?\?or adapted in Russia and the recommendation to make use of these. The comparative analysis realized manifested different variants of the system’ structures with such bases and facilitated the elaboration their typology further to the modes of the indicators’ grouping, their factors of influence and the presence?\?absence of the synthesizing indicator. The conclusions served for the recommendations to use some principles and methods of the foreign systems of innovation activity indicators’ constitution. Prospects. The immediate perspective of the research realized if the practical application of the deductions made, the theoretical conceptualization of the results obtained and the determination of the opportunities the systems to refine further on

Native NIR-emitting single colour centres in CVD diamond

Single-photon sources are a fundamental element for developing quantum technologies, and sources based on colour centres in diamonds are among the most promising candidates. The well-known NV centres are characterized by several limitations, thus few other defects have recently been considered. In the present work, we characterize in detail native efficient single colour centres emitting in the near infra-red in both standard IIa single-crystal and electronic-grade polycrystalline commercial CVD diamond samples. In the former case, a high-temperature annealing process in vacuum is necessary to induce the formation/activation of luminescent centres with good emission properties, while in the latter case the annealing process has marginal beneficial effects on the number and performances of native centres in commercially available samples. Although displaying significant variability in several photo physical properties (emission wavelength, emission rate instabilities, saturation behaviours), these centres generally display appealing photophysical properties for applications as single photon sources: short lifetimes, high emission rates and strongly polarized light. The native centres are tentatively attributed to impurities incorporated in the diamond crystal during the CVD growth of high-quality type IIa samples, and offer promising perspectives in diamond-based photonics.Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures. Submitted to "New Journal of Phsyics", NJP-100003.R

Nanodiamonds-induced effects on neuronal firing of mouse hippocampal microcircuits

Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND) are carbon-based nanomaterials that can efficiently incorporate optically active photoluminescent centers such as the nitrogen-vacancy complex, thus making them promising candidates as optical biolabels and drug-delivery agents. FNDs exhibit bright fluorescence without photobleaching combined with high uptake rate and low cytotoxicity. Focusing on FNDs interference with neuronal function, here we examined their effect on cultured hippocampal neurons, monitoring the whole network development as well as the electrophysiological properties of single neurons. We observed that FNDs drastically decreased the frequency of inhibitory (from 1.81 Hz to 0.86 Hz) and excitatory (from 1.61 Hz to 0.68 Hz) miniature postsynaptic currents, and consistently reduced action potential (AP) firing frequency (by 36%), as measured by microelectrode arrays. On the contrary, bursts synchronization was preserved, as well as the amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory events. Current-clamp recordings revealed that the ratio of neurons responding with AP trains of high-frequency (fast-spiking) versus neurons responding with trains of low-frequency (slow-spiking) was unaltered, suggesting that FNDs exerted a comparable action on neuronal subpopulations. At the single cell level, rapid onset of the somatic AP ("kink") was drastically reduced in FND-treated neurons, suggesting a reduced contribution of axonal and dendritic components while preserving neuronal excitability.Comment: 34 pages, 9 figure

Polarization ququarts

We discuss the concept of polarization states of four-dimensional quantum systems based on frequency non-degenerate biphoton field. Several quantum tomography protocols were developed and implemented for measurement of an arbitrary state of ququart. A simple method that does not rely on interferometric technique is used to generate and measure the sequence of states that can be used for quantum communication purposes.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure

THE TARGET INDICATORS OF THE ELEVATION OF COMPETITIVENESS OF MANUFACTURING BRANCHES IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The elevation of competitiveness of the Russian manufacturing is of the key problems of the long-term national economic development. Further to this the “The Development and the Enhance of Competitiveness of the Industry” State Program of Russian Federation has been accepted and is executing. The paper analyses the changes of competitiveness indicators for various branches of manufacturing after the Program. It arguments their loose relationship with the competitiveness elevation objectives and provides an alternative approach of the authors to apprise the competitiveness of Russian manufacturing sectors and a classification of commodity groups of industrial goods basis their foreign market competitiveness

МОНИТОРИНГ ИННОВАЦИЙ В РАЗВИТЫХ ЭКОНОМИКАХ: СИСТЕМЫ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ И ИХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ В РОССИИ

Relevance. Further to the postindustrial transition and the Forth Industrial revolution challenges operating nowadays in the world the Russian federation leaders task the nation to provide intensive innovation development of the economy and society with the effective administration of the process. The fulfillment requires toapply to such a praxis in the developed economies with the advanced manufacturing. Research object. The paper provides the analysis of the innovative activity indicators systems of the three developed economies leading in the world for a long time in manufacturing as well as in the novelties production and commercialization spheres, i.e. USA, Japan and Germany. Herewith the main principles of the systems’ formulation, bases to select their particular indicators has been determined, the element composition analyzed and their structures compared. Methods. To solve the task various research instruments have been applied: the system analysis, the content analysis, the comparative one and others. The institutional and evolutional theories and the modern political-economic approaches constituted the methodological basis of the research. Results. The operation of the research facilitated the determination of the perspective approaches to form the systems of innovation activity indicators there to be applied and?\?or adapted in Russia and the recommendation to make use of these. The comparative analysis realized manifested different variants of the system’ structures with such bases and facilitated the elaboration their typology further to the modes of the indicators’ grouping, their factors of influence and the presence?\?absence of the synthesizing indicator. The conclusions served for the recommendations to use some principles and methods of the foreign systems of innovation activity indicators’ constitution. Prospects. The immediate perspective of the research realized if the practical application of the deductions made, the theoretical conceptualization of the results obtained and the determination of the opportunities the systems to refine further on.Актуальность. В условиях начинающихся постиндустриального перехода и четвертой промышленной революции Российской Федерации необходимо интенсивное инновационное развитие экономики и эффективное управления этим процессом. Целесообразно использовать практический опыт такого руководства в развитых странах, где обрабатывающая промышленность достигла высокого уровня развития. Предмет исследования. В статье проанализированы системы показателей инновационной деятельности, используемые в США, Японии и Германии, которые в течение длительного времени удерживают мировое лидерство в секторе обрабатывающей промышленности, предлагают и успешно внедряют инновации. Выявлены основные принципы отбора показателей, построения систем и их сопоставления. Методы. Для решения поставленных задач были использованы различные исследовательские инструменты: системный подход, контент-анализ, компаративный анализ и другие. Общими методологическими основаниями работы послужили институциональная и эволюционная теории, а также современные политико-экономические подходы. Результаты. Выявлены перспективные для применения и /?или адаптации в России подходы к построению систем показателей инновационной активности. Как показал сравнительный анализ, существуют разные варианты систем, удалось составить их типологию на основе способов группировки и числа показателей, воздействующих на их значения факторов, а также наличия или отсутствия обобщающего индикатора. Сформулированы рекомендации к использованию в России ряда принципов и приемов построения зарубежных систем показателей инновационной деятельности. Перспективы. Ближайшей перспективой является практическое воплощение полученных выводов, теоретическое осмысление его результатов и определение возможных направлений усовершенствования системы в последующем