Facilitated transport ceramic membranes for high temperature gas cleanup

The H{sub 2}S flux through a molten carbonate/ceramic membrane is expected to depend on the extent of the reaction of H{sub 2}S with the molten carbonate, that is, the equilibrium constant and K{sub l} for reaction (1). Values of K{sub 1} can be obtained by absorption experiments in which molten carbonate mixtures are exposed to gas mixtures containing H{sub 2}S and other IGCC gases. The details of such experiments and the apparatus used have been described previously. For the carbonate mixture described above and a feed gas mixture containing 10.7% H{sub 2}S, 6.4% CO{sub 2}, 81.1% CH{sub 4} and 1.8% H{sub 2}, a value of K{sub l} of 0.24 atm was obtained at 560{degrees}C. This value is reasonable when compared to the literature value of 1.7 atm at 750{degrees}C. Subsequent attempts to reproduce this result were unsuccessful. Aluminum nitride and lithium aluminate were determined to be the best choices for further development as ceramic membrane supports based on results from a series of initial screening experiments which were previously described. These experiments indicated that A1N and LiAlO{sub 2} were the ceramic materials with the best chemical stability in the presence of the molten alkali carbonate mixtures. Wetting studies were used to determine the desired microstructures for salt containment. This was particularly true in the case of A1N. It was not possible to obtain or fabricate dense samples of LiAlO{sub 2} for use in wetting studies; however, it is known that LiAlO{sub 2} is wet by the salt compositions of interest The capillary force equation (equation 2) was used to estimate, the maximum pressure differential that the membrane could sustain without loss of the salt

Classical or Gravity? Which Trade Model Best Matches the UK Facts?

We examine the empirical evidence bearing on whether UK trade is governed by a Classical model or by a Gravity model, using annual data from 1965 to 2015 and the method of Indirect Inference which has very large power in this application. The Gravity model here differs from the Classical model in assuming imperfect competition and a positive effect of total trade on productivity. We found that the Classical model passed the test rather easily, and that the Gravity model did so too but at a rather lower level of probability. As the gravity elements are strengthened the model's probability falls and vice versa. The two models' policy implications are also similar

Experimental Observations of Frictional Heating in Fiber-Reinforced Ceramics

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65540/1/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04162.x.pd

Origin of Hysteresis Observed During Fatigue of Ceramic-Matrix Composites

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66076/1/j.1151-2916.1990.tb05239.x.pd

Europe - a default or a dream? European identity formation among Bulgarian and English children

This is the authors' accepted version of an article published in Ethnicities, 2014. http://online.sagepub.com/10.1177/1468796812465722This article examines the formation of European identity among children in two very different countries: the traditionally Eurosceptic United Kingdom and the enthusiastic EU newcomer, Bulgaria. The paper revisits existing debates about the relationships between European identity, knowledge and the political and historical context, paying particular attention to the meanings attached to Europe. It demonstrates that children who identify as European are more likely to see Europe in geographic terms, which facilitates the perception of the European identity as ‘default’. In contrast, children who refuse to describe themselves as European see Europe as an exclusive political entity, associated with high standards and distant elites. These perceptions are significantly more common among Bulgarian children, who often depict Europe as a dream, and perceive the European identity as an ideal they aspire to reach. The article also shows how ethnicity and the images of Europe influence the relationship between national and European identities

Frequency Dependence of Fatigue Life and Internal Heating of a Fiber-Reinforced/Ceramic-Matrix Composite

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65943/1/j.1151-2916.1994.tb04587.x.pd

Influence of Stress Ratio on the Elevated-Temperature Fatigue of a Silicon Carbide Fiber-Reinforced Silicon Nitride Composite

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65470/1/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07152.x.pd

Frictional heating in a unidirectional fibre-reinforced ceramic composite

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43020/1/10855_2004_Article_BF00720776.pd

Housing Policies in China: Issues and Options

This article consists in three parts. The first part deals with theory. We evaluate the pros and cons of government involvement in urban housing and of renting versus ownership. In the second part, we summarize the different housing policies that have been implemented in the United States, Europe, and Asia. We draw some conclusions. In particular, we show that there is a tradeoff between encouraging home ownership and social housing since countries that have favor the former have neglected the latter (like Japan, Spain, etc.). In the third part, we use the theory and the international policy parts to address housing policy issues in China. One of the main concerns in Chinese cities is the raise of poverty mainly by illegal migrants (who are Chinese rural residents) living in urban villages. We propose two steps to fight against poverty in Chinese cities. The first one is to require that the Chinese government recognizes these illegal migrants by helping them becoming legal. The second step is to encourage social housing that directly or indirectly subsidizes housing for the poor. In that case, to fight against poverty, one can either implement place-targeted policies (like the enterprise zone programs in the US and Europe and/or housing projects in the US, UK, or France) or people-targeted policies (like the MTO programs in the US). We also discuss other issues related to poverty. In particular, we suggest that the government could also try to keep migrants in rural areas by attracting firms there and/or introduce a microfinance system that helps them become entrepreneur