Risk estimates and features of infectious events in subjects with different causes and level of neutropenia

Neutropenia is diagnosed when absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is less than 1,500 cells/µL.1  Specific causes and severity of neutropenia were directly related to the risk of infection. Four decades ago, Bodey et al. demonstrated an inverse relationship between neutrophils number and infection in subjects affected by acute leukemia after chemotherapy.2 The risk of infection increased when ANC was less than 500 cells/µL for a long period, whereas it is decreased when ANC is greater than 500 cells/µL and the duration of neutropenia is reduced

Light filth method on semolina and pasta

Samples of semolina and pasta were collected from one mill and one pasta plant in Italy for six and four years respectively. They were analyzed by AOAC light filth method (225 g). Altogether, 195 semolina were collected from 2007 to 2012. The mean number of insect fragments detected during this period was 4.9, and each year, a mean of one first instar larva of Stegobium paniceum (L.) was found. A single mite was detected in only one sample. A total of 156 samples of pasta were analyzed during the period 2009 to 2012 and the mean number of fragments in these samples was 10.1. Mandibles of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium spp. were the most identified filths. Fragments were mainly derived from infestation prior to milling, both in semolina and pasta samples. In fact, fragment size was lower than the granulometry of semolina. Rodent hair was found in few samples

Cardiovascular and metabolic responses during indoor climbing and laboratory cycling exercise in advanced and élite climbers

Purpose. To validate heart rate (fH) as an effective indicator of the aerobic demands of climbing, the fH vs. oxygen uptake (VO2) relationship determined during cycling exercise and climbing on a circular climbing treadwall was compared. Possible differences in maximum aerobic characteristics between advanced and \ue9lite climbers were also assessed. Methods. Seven advanced and six \ue9lite climbers performed a discontinuous incremental test on a cycle ergometer and a similar test on a climbing treadwall. Cardiorespiratory and gas exchange parameters were collected at rest and during exercise. Results. The fH vs. VO2 relationship was steeper during cycling than climbing at submaximal exercise for both groups and during climbing in the \ue9lite climbers as compared to the advanced. At peak exercise, VO2 was similar during both cycling and climbing (3332\ub1115 and 3193\ub1129 ml/min, respectively). Despite similar VO2 peak, the \ue9lite climbers had a higher peak workload during climbing (11.8\ub10.8 vs. 9.2\ub10.3 m/min in \ue9lite and advanced climbers, respectively; P=.024) but not during cycling (282\ub113 vs. 268\ub112 W in \ue9lite and advanced climbers, respectively). Conclusions. Our findings indicate that care should be taken when energy expenditure during climbing is estimated from the fH vs VO2 relationship determined in the laboratory. The level of climbing experience significantly affects the energy cost of exercise. Lastly, the similar aerobic demands of cycling and climbing at peak exercise, suggest that maximum VO2 may play an important role in climbing performance. Specific training methodologies should be implemented to improve aerobic power in climbers

On-Sight and Red-Point Climbing : Changes in Performance and Route-Finding Ability in Male Advanced Climbers

Aim: In lead climbing, the ascent of the route can be defined as on-sight or red-point. On-sight is the more challenging style since it demands greater physiological and psychological commitment. The differences between the two modes in advanced climbers have not been studied much. Two essential skills needed to optimize performance, in both on-sight and in red-point climbing, are route interpretation (RI) ability and movements sequence recall. Therefore, this study aimed to compare performance between on-sight and red-point ascent in advanced climbers and evaluate how a climber\u2019s RI ability and movement sequences recall might change before and after on-sight and red-point climbing. Methods: Eighteen advanced male climbers (age 29.2 \ub1 4.7 years, body mass 67.8 \ub1 3.6 kg, stature 175.2 \ub1 2.4 cm, best red-point and on-sight grades 7b+/8a and 7a+/7b+, respectively) were video-recorded during the route ascent in on-sight and red-point modes to evaluate performance and to measure static and dynamic action times. RI ability and movement sequence recall were assessed before and after each climb. Level of anxiety was evaluated via a self-report questionnaire. Heart rate (fH), lactate concentration, ([La\u2013]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were detected during and after each climb. Results: Compared to on-sight, an improvement in performance was observed in a red-point climb: the ascent was faster (148.7 \ub1 13.6 s and 179.5 \ub1 12.5 s, respectively, P < 0.05), smoother (significant reduction in exploratory moves and in stops times, P < 0.05), less demanding physiologically (lower fHpeak and [La\u2013]peak, P < 0.05), and psychologically (lower RPE, cognitive and somatic anxiety and higher self-confidence, P < 0.05). The RI ability was improved in red-point versus on-sight and, in the same mode, between pre and post ascent. Conclusion: Red-point climbing was found to be less demanding than on-sight, both physiologically and psychologically, under the conditions investigated by this study. Our findings suggest that RI is a trainable skill and underscore the importance of including specific techniques in training programs designed to improve interaction between perceptual, psychological, and physiological factors

Kinematic algorithm to determine the energy cost of running with changes of direction

Changes of direction (CoDs) have a high metabolic and mechanical impact in field and court team sports, but the estimation of the associated workload is still inaccurate. This study aims at validating an algorithm based on kinematic data to estimate the energy cost of running with frequent 180\ub0-CoDs. Twenty-six physically active male subjects (22.4\u202f\ub1\u202f3.2\u202fyears) participated in two sessions: (1) maximum oxygen uptake (V\u307O2,max) and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) test; (2) 5-m continuous shuttle run (two 5-min trials at 50% and 75% MAS, 6-min recovery). In (2), full-body 3D-kinematics and V\u307O2 were simultaneously recorded. Actual cost of shuttle running (Cmeas) was obtained from the aerobic, anaerobic alactic and lactic components. The proposed algorithm detects "braking phases", periods of mostly negative (eccentric) work occurring at concurrent knee flexion and ground contact, and estimates energy cost (Cest) considering negative mechanical work in braking phases, and positive elsewhere. At the speed of, respectively, 1.54\u202f\ub1\u202f0.17 and 1.90\u202f\ub1\u202f0.15\u202fm\u202fs-1 (rate of perceived exertion: 9.1\u202f\ub1\u202f1.8 and 15.8\u202f\ub1\u202f1.9), Cmeas was 8.06\u202f\ub1\u202f0.49 and 9.04\u202f\ub1\u202f0.73\u202fJ\u202fkg-1\u202fm-1. Cest was more accurate than regression models found in literature (p\u202f\u202f0.05; average error: 8.3%, root-mean-square error: 0.86\u202fJ\u202fkg-1\u202fm-1). The proposed algorithm improved existing techniques based on CoM kinematics, integrating data of ground contacts and joint angles that allowed to separate propulsive from braking phases. This work constitutes the basis to extend the model from the laboratory to the field, providing a reliable measure of training and matches workload

Evidence of balance training‐induced improvement in soccer‐specific skills in U11 soccer players

The present study aim was to determine the role of balance training in improving technical soccer skills in young players. Two U11 soccer teams were randomly assigned one to either balance training (BT; n=22) or control group (Ctrl; n=21). At the end of their habitual soccer training (identical in BT and Ctrl), BT underwent additional balance training for 12 weeks (3sessions/week, 20 min per session), while Ctrl had a 20\u2010min scrimmage. Before and after the intervention, BT and Ctrl underwent two soccer\u2010specific tests (Loughborough Soccer Passing, LSPT, and Shooting, LSST, Tests), and bipedal and unipedal balance evaluations. After intervention, both groups decreased the trials time and improved passing accuracy, with larger improvements in BT than Ctrl [LSPT penalty time (CI95%): \u20102.20 s (\u20102.72/\u20101.68); ES (CI95%): \u20102.54 s (\u20103.34/\u20101.74)]. Both groups improved balance ability, with BT showing larger increments in bipedal tests than Ctrl [static balance: \u201029 mm (\u201042/\u201016); ES: \u20101.39 (\u20102.05/\u20100.72); limit of stability: 4% (3/5); ES 3.93 (2.90/4.95); unipedal quasi\u2010dynamic balance: 0.07 a.u. (0.03/0.11); ES: 1.04 (0.40/1.67) and active range of motion: \u20105% (\u20108/\u20102); ES \u20100.89 (\u20101.51/\u20100.26)]. Low\u2010to\u2010moderate correlations between the players\u2019 technical level and unipedal balance ability were retrieved, particularly in the non\u2010dominant limb (R from 0.30 to 0.48). Balance training improved some technical soccer skills more than habitual soccer training alone, suggesting that young soccer players may benefit from additional balance training added to their traditional training

Modelo econométrico para la toma de decisiones aplicado al cultivo del café

Se estudió mediante modelos econométricos el efecto (físico y económico), en los rendimientos del café, de cuatro variables manejables: atenciones culturales, edad del cultivo, plagas y enfermedades, y porcentaje de población; además de una variable no manejable: la lluvia. Se construyó un modelo econométrico de los cinco factores— considerados fundamentales por los expertos— para medir el impacto de cada uno de ellos en el crecimiento de la producción y de los ingresos. Se obtuvo que todos los factores aumentan el rendimiento, pero el único que tiene un efecto progresivo es atenciones culturales y se comprobó que el incremento en las ganancias inducido por este factor es el más elevado. Se propuso un orden de prioridad para la asignación de los escasos recursos laborales y financieros, entre los diferentes factores, que permite alcanzar mejores resultados que en otros lugares; u otros años anteriores en el mismo lugar

The ability of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index to assess the nutritional status and predict the outcome of home-care resident elderly : a comparison with Mini Nutritional Assessment

The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is recommended for grading nutritional status in the elderly. A new index for predicting the risk of nutrition-related complications, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), was recently proposed but little is known about its possible use in the assessment of nutritional status. Thus, we aimed to investigate its ability to assess the nutritional status and predict the outcome when compared with the MNA. Anthropometry and biochemical parameters were determined in 241 institutionalised elderly (ninety-four males and 147 females; aged 801 (sd 83) years). Nutritional risk and nutritional state were graded by the GNRI and MNA, respectively. At 6 months outcomes were: death; infections; bedsores. According to the GNRI and MNA, the prevalence of high risk (GNRI 98)/good status (MNA > 24) were 20.7/12.8%, 36.1/39% and 432/482%, respectively, with poor agreement in scoring the patient (Cohen's kappa test:\u3ba =0.29; 95% CI 0.19, 0.39). GNRI categories showed a stronger association (OR) with overall outcomes than MNA classes, although no difference (P>0.05) was found between malnutrition (v. good status, OR 6.4; 95% CI 2.1, 71.9) and high nutritional risk (v. no risk, OR 9.7; 95% CI 3.0, 130). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the GNRI as an independent predictor of complications. In overall-outcome prediction, a good sensitivity was found only for GNRI 98 with an MNA > 24 seemed to exclude adverse outcomes. The GNRI showed poor agreement with the MNA in nutritional assessment, but appeared to better predict outcome. In home-care resident elderly, outcome prediction should be performed by combining the suggestions from both these tools

Specific adaptations in performance and muscle architecture after weighted jump-squat vs body mass squat jump training in recreational soccer players

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of weighted jump squat (WJST) vs body mass squat jump training (BMSJT) on quadriceps muscle architecture, lower-limb lean-mass (LM) and muscle strength, performance in change of direction (COD), sprint and jump in recreational soccer-players. Forty-eight healthy soccer-players participated in an off-season randomized controlled-trial. Before and after an eight-week training intervention, vastus lateralis pennation angle, fascicle length, muscle thickness, LM, squat 1-RM, quadriceps and hamstrings isokinetic peak-torque, agility T-test, 10 and 30m sprint and squat-jump (SJ) were measured. Although similar increases in muscle thickness, fascicle length increased more in WJST (ES=1.18, 0.82-1.54) than in BMSJT (ES=0.54, 0.40-0.68) and pennation angle only increased in BMSJT (ES=1.03, 0.78-1.29). Greater increases in LM were observed in WJST (ES=0.44, 0.29-0.59) than in BMSJT (ES=0.21, 0.07-0.37). Agility T-test (ES=2.95, 2.72-3.18), 10m (ES=0.52, 0.22-0.82) and 30m-sprint (ES=0.52, 0.23-0.81) improved only in WJST, while SJ improved in BMSJT (ES=0.89, 0.43-1.35) more than in WJST (ES=0.30, 0.03-0.58). Similar increases in squat 1-RM and peak-torque occurred in both groups. The greater inertia accumulated within the landing-phase in WJST vs BMSJT has increased the eccentric workload, leading to specific eccentric-like adaptations in muscle architecture. The selective improvements in COD in WJST may be related to the increased braking ability generated by the enhanced eccentric workload

Specific strength in sport climbing disciplines

Strength of the upper limbs has been suggested to de a determinant in climbing performance (1). However, different kinds of assessments have provided contradictory results. Strength has been measured with general (handgrip) and specific (SCD, specific climbing dynamometer) tools. Isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and rate of force development (RFD) can be considered as outcomes. The SCD showed validity (correlated with lead performance n=38, r=-0.61, p<0.001)(2), reliability (Typical Error as CV was 8, 16% for SCD MVC and peak-RFD and ICC of 0.91, 0.82, respectively) (3) and internal responsiveness (effect size 1.44 in SCD peak-RFD) (4). Lead and Boulder are widespread disciplines in sport climbing. Boulder climbers showed higher values of MVC and pRFD compared to Lead climbers (5). Muscle fatigue (i.e. decrease in MVC and RFD parameters) can give further details in the importance of neuromuscular properties in sport climbing disciplines. The aim of this study was to examine muscle fatigue after Boulder and Lead activity. Methods Fourteen climbers (age 29 \ub1 10 yrs, height 176 \ub1 8 cm, weight 70 \ub1 7 kg, climbing level IRCRA scale moderate to advanced) participated in a simulated competition in Lead and Boulder. Before the measurement climbers were involved in a survey investigation. Participants were randomly assigned to a sequence Lead-Boulder or Boulder-Lead in a counterbalanced design with two conditions (i.e. Lead and Boulder) and washout (i.e. recovery) period of 4 hours. Specific strength (MVC and RFD) was measured with a SCD at baseline and after Boulder and Lead. Results Climbers perceived strength of the forearms to be important in boulder and lead (12 and 13% of the answers) performances and physical strength of higher importance in boulder compared to lead (34 and 42% of answers). MVC and pRFD at baseline were 7.2 \ub1 1.1 N/kg and 38.2 \ub1 8.6 N/kg/s. After boulder, MVC and pRFD were 6.8 \ub1 1.5 N/kg and 32.7 \ub1 10.3 N/kg/s, percentage differences -7.4 (90% CI \ub1 7.3) and -16.3 (90% CI \ub1 15). After lead MVC and pRFD were 6.4 \ub1 1.7 N/kg and 30 \ub1 11.3 N/kg/s, percentage differences -12.8 (90% CI \ub1 10.8) and -25.4 (90% CI \ub1 13). Discussion The decline in strength after Lead and Boulder simulation of competition confirms the occurrence of muscle fatigue. This study confirmed previous results attained after a Lead official competition and simulation for pRFD (-19%) and MVC (-6%) (2). The great decline in pRFD underlined the importance of rapidly exerting the strength (i.e. contact strength) during both disciplines. Conclusion Specific strength should be assessed with SCD. Rate of force development seams to be more appropriate compared to maximal voluntary contraction for investigating fatigue after climbing disciplines. References 1. Watts, P.B., Eur J Appl Physiol, 2004. 91(4): 361-72. 2. Fanchini, M., et al. In 15th Annual Congress of ECSS. 2010. Antalya, Turkey 3. Fanchini M, et al. In 16th Annual Congress of Sport Science ECSS. 2011. Liverpool, UK. 4 Fanchini M, et al. In 2nd International Rock Climbing Research Congress 2014, Pontresina, Switzerland 5 Fanchini M et al. J Strength Cond Res,2013. 27(2): 310-31