6,089 research outputs found
Double lenses
The analysis of the shear induced by a single cluster on the images of a
large number of background galaxies is all centered around the curl-free
character of a well-known vector field that can be derived from the data. Such
basic property breaks down when the source galaxies happen to be observed
through two clusters at different redshifts, partially aligned along the line
of sight. In this paper we address the study of double lenses and obtain five
main results. (i) First we generalize the procedure to extract the available
information, contained in the observed shear field, from the case of a single
lens to that of a double lens. (ii) Then we evaluate the possibility of
detecting the signature of double lensing given the known properties of the
distribution of clusters of galaxies. (iii) As a different astrophysical
application, we demonstrate how the method can be used to detect the presence
of a dark cluster that might happen to be partially aligned with a bright
cluster studied in terms of statistical lensing. (iv) In addition, we show that
the redshift distribution of the source galaxies, which in principle might also
contribute to break the curl-free character of the shear field, actually
produces systematic effects typically two orders of magnitude smaller than the
double lensing effects we are focusing on. (v) Remarkably, a discussion of
relevant contributions to the noise of the shear measurement has brought up an
intrinsic limitation of weak lensing analyses, since one specific contribution,
associated with the presence of a non-vanishing two-galaxy correlation
function, turns out not to decrease with the density of source galaxies (and
thus with the depth of the observations).Comment: 40 pages, 15 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ main journa
Eradication of Candida albicans persister cell biofilm by the membranotropic peptide gH625
Biofilm formation poses an important clinical trouble due to resistance to antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is an urgent demand for new antibiofilm strategies that focus on the use of alternative compounds also in combination with conventional drugs. Drug-tolerant persisters are present in Candida albicans biofilms and are detected following treatment with high doses of amphotericin B. In this study, persisters were found in biofilms treated with amphotericin B of two clinical isolate strains, and were capable to form a new biofilm in situ. We investigated the possibility of eradicating persister-derived biofilms from these two Candida albicans strains, using the peptide gH625 analogue (gH625-M). Confocal microscopy studies allowed us to characterize the persister-derived biofilm and understand the mechanism of interaction of gH625-M with the biofilm. These findings confirm that persisters may be responsible for Candida biofilm survival, and prove that gH625-M was very effective in eradicating persister-derived biofilms both alone and in combination with conventional antifungals, mainly strengthening the antibiofilm activity of fluconazole and 5-flucytosine. Our strategy advances our insights into the development of effective antibiofilm therapeutic approaches
Both Maturation and Survival of Human Dendritic Cells are Impaired in the Presence of Anergic/Suppressor T Cells
T cell suppression is a well established phenomenon, but the mechanisms involved are still a matter of debate. Mouse anergic T cells were shown to suppress responder T cell activation by inhibiting the antigen presenting function of DC. In the present work we studied the effects of co-culturing human anergic CD4+ T cells with autologous dendritic cells (DC) at different stages of maturation. Either DC maturation or survival, depending on whether immature or mature DC where used as APC, was impaired in the presence of anergic cells. Indeed, MHC and costimulatory molecule up-regulation was inhibited in immature DC, whereas apoptotic phenomena were favored in mature DC and consequently in responder T cells. Defective ligation of CD40 by CD40L (CD154) was responsible for CD95-mediated and spontaneous apoptosis of DC as well as for a failure of their maturation process. These findings indicate that lack of activation of CD40 on DC by CD40L-defective anergic cells might be the primary event involved in T cell suppression and support the role of CD40 signaling in regulating both activation and survival of DC
Large amounts of optically-obscured star formation in the host galaxies of some type-2 quasars
We present Hubble Space Telescope images, and spectral energy distributions
from optical to infrared wavelengths for a sample of six 0.3<z<0.8 type-2
quasars selected in the mid-infrared using data from the Spitzer Space
Telescope. All the host galaxies show some signs of disturbance. Most seem to
possess dusty, star-forming disks. The disk inclination, estimated from the
axial ratio of the hosts, correlates with the depth of the silicate feature in
the mid-infrared spectra, implying that at least some of the reddening towards
the AGN arises in the host galaxy. The star formation rates in these objects,
as inferred from the strengths of the PAH features and far-infrared continuum,
range from 3-90 Msun/yr, but are mostly much larger than those inferred from
the [OII]3727 emission line luminosity, due to obscuration. Taken together with
studies of type-2 quasar hosts from samples selected in the optical and X-ray,
this is consistent with previous suggestions that two types of extinction
processes operate within the type-2 quasar population, namely a component due
to the dusty torus in the immediate environment of the AGN, and a more extended
component due to a dusty, star forming disk.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. Accepted by ApJ Letter
The Spitzer mid-infrared AGN survey. II-the demographics and cosmic evolution of the AGN population
We present luminosity functions derived from a spectroscopic survey of AGN
selected from Spitzer Space Telescope imaging surveys. Selection in the
mid-infrared is significantly less affected by dust obscuration. We can thus
compare the luminosity functions of the obscured and unobscured AGN in a more
reliable fashion than by using optical or X-ray data alone. We find that the
AGN luminosity function can be well described by a broken power-law model in
which the break luminosity decreases with redshift. At high redshifts
(), we find significantly more AGN at a given bolometric luminosity than
found by either optical quasar surveys or hard X-ray surveys. The fraction of
obscured AGN decreases rapidly with increasing AGN luminosity, but, at least at
high redshifts, appears to remain at \% even at bolometric
luminosities . The data support a picture in which the
obscured and unobscured populations evolve differently, with some evidence that
high luminosity obscured quasars peak in space density at a higher redshift
than their unobscured counterparts. The amount of accretion energy in the
Universe estimated from this work suggests that AGN contribute about 12\% to
the total radiation intensity of the Universe, and a high radiative accretion
efficiency is required to match current
estimates of the local mass density in black holes.Comment: 14 pages, accepted by Ap
Germinação prĂ©-colheita em trigo: grĂŁos germinados e nĂșmero de queda apĂłs simulação de chuva.
Editores tĂ©cnicos: Joseani Mesquita Antunes, Ana LĂdia Variani Bonato, MĂĄrcia Barrocas Moreira Pimentel
Observation of mesoscopic conductance fluctuations in YBaCuO grain boundary Josephson Junctions
Magneto-fluctuations of the normal resistance R_N have been reproducibly
observed in high critical temp erature superconductor (HTS) grain boundary
junctions, at low temperatures. We attribute them to mesoscopic transport in
narrow channels across the grain boundary line. The Thouless energy appears to
be the relevant energy scale. Our findings have significant implications on
quasiparticle relaxation and coherent transport in HTS grain boundaries.Comment: Revised version, minor changes. 4 pages, 4 figure
Biofilms: Novel strategies based on antimicrobial peptides
The problem of drug resistance is very worrying and ever increasing. Resistance is due not only to the reckless use of antibiotics but also to the fact that pathogens are able to adapt to different conditions and develop self-defense mechanisms such as living in biofilms; altogether these issues make the search for alternative drugs a real challenge. Antimicrobial peptides appear as promising alternatives but they have disadvantages that do not make them easily applicable in the medical field; thus many researches look for solutions to overcome the disadvantages and ensure that the advantages can be exploited. This review describes the biofilm characteristics and identifies the key features that antimicrobial peptides should have. Recalcitrant bacterial infections caused by the most obstinate bacterial species should be treated with a strategy to combine conventional peptides functionalized with nano-tools. This approach could effectively disrupt high density infections caused by biofilms. Moreover, the importance of using in vivo non mammalian models for biofilm studies is described. In particular, here we analyze the use of amphibians as a model to substitute the rodent model
HI Fluctuations at Large Redshifts: II - the Signal Expected for GMRT
For the GMRT, we calculate the expected signal from redshifted HI emission at
two frequency bands centered at 610 and 325 MHz. The study focuses on the
visibility-visibility cross-correlations, proposed earlier as the optimal
statistical estimator for detecting and analyzing this signal. These
correlations directly probe the power spectrum of density fluctuations at the
redshift where the radiation originated, and thereby provide a method for
studying the large scale structures at large redshifts. We present detailed
estimates of the correlations expected between the visibilities measured at
different baselines and frequencies. Analytic fitting formulas representing the
salient features of the expected signal are also provided. These will be useful
in planning observations and deciding an optimal strategy for detecting this
signal.Comment: 16 pages including 7 figures, published in JAp
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