Category of Situationality in Narrative Model of Artistic and Legal Discourse

The subject of research in this article is the specificity of the category of discursive situationality, which determined the problematics of the novel “Bleak House” by Ch. Dickens (1853). The purpose of the article is to build a typology of situationality (the situationality is prototypical, intertextual, intentional, coherent) and to identify the means of linguistic representation of the category of situationality in a text that functions in the conditions of interaction of two discourses — legal and artistic. Language techniques representing various types of situationality are divided into textual ones (“detention” technique, interruption of narrative angles, prolonged syntax, etc.), lexical-semantic ones, including a class of stylistic figures of speech (metaphor, precedent name, onomastic allusion, comparison, oxymoron, irony, sarcasm, emotive syntax, etc.) and style, reflecting the inclusion of elements of official business style in artistic speech (verbal nouns, verb-nominal combinations, etc.). Elements of the official business style of speech are expressed in the speeches of the characters during the interrogation, in court speeches, in the business correspondence of the heroes of the novel, and they are also fragmentarily woven into the author’s narrative (they are highlighted with quotation marks). The study emphasizes that the category of discursive situationality is manifested at all levels of the implementation of the narrative model of artistic and legal discourse

Modern Paradigms of Legal Understanding and the Development of Legal Consciousness in Supply Chain (Case Study of Russia)

This paper deals with the problem of the development of legal consciousness in supply chain of modern Russia amid the conceptual crisis of legal understanding in Russian law. The objective of the presented paper is to analyze modern paradigms of legal understanding and vectors of their development, as well as the influence of legal understanding on the development of legal consciousness in supply chain of Russia. The authors consider the current state of legal awareness in Russia. The choice of the topic is due to the existing theoretical discussion on the relationship between law, society and the state in supply chain of Russia

Concurrent thermochemoradiotherapy for brain high-grade glioma

Despite the achievements in the current strategies for treatment, the prognosis in malignant glioma patients remains unsatisfactory. Hyperthermia is currently considered to be the most effective and universal modifier of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Preliminary treatment outcomes for 28 patients with newly diagnosed (23) and recurrent (5) high-grade gliomas were presented. All the patients received multimodality treatment including surgery, thermoche-moradiotherapy followed by 4 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. All the patients endured thermochemoradiotherapy well. A complication, limited skin burn (II stage), was diagnosed in two cases and treated conservatively without treatment interruption. A month after thermochemoradiotherapy the results were as follows: complete regression was achieved in 4 cases, partial regression in 4 cases, stable disease in 14 cases and disease progression in 6 cases (one of them is pseudo-progression). After completing the adjuvant chemotherapy 2 more patients demonstrated complete response and 1 patient had disease progression. Introduction of local hyperthermia in multimodal therapy of malignant glioma does not impair the combined modality treatment tolerability of patients with malignant gliomas. A small number of studied patients and short follow-up time do not allow making reliable conclusions about the impact of local hyperthermia on the treatment outcomes; however, there is a tendency towards the increase in disease-free survival in the patients with newly diagnosed malignant gliomas

ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИ КОМФОРТНАЯ СРЕДА КАК СРЕДСТВО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВОМ УЧЕБНОГО ПРОЦЕССА В ВОЕННОМ ВУЗЕ

The paper reveals the hierarchy of valuable orientations, the relationships in family, the attitude of cadets of military engineering higher education institution to study and teachers and unity in groups as the indicators of educational environment. The authors make conclusion about psychological comfort for cadets is drawn and consider the methodology and methods of investigating the level of interpersonal relations. The paper highlights the forms and methods of teachers’ dealing with groups as one of the variants of solving the problem of creating a psychologically comfortable environment, which is one of the main means of managing the educational process in a military engineering university.Выявлены и обобщены ценностные ориентацие, отношения в семье, отношения курсантов военного инженерного вуза к учебе и преподавательскому составу, сплоченность в учебных отделениях как показатели характеристики образовательной среды, сделан вывод о ее психологической комфортности для курсантов. Рассмотрены методология и методика исследования уровня межличностных отношений. Приведены формы и методы работы преподавателей с учебными отделениями как один из вариантов решения проблемы по созданию психологически комфортной среды, являющихся одним из главных средств управления учебным процессом в военном инженерном вузе

Transfer of Legal Knowledge to the Narrative Space of a Work of Fiction

Поступила в редакцию: 05.02.2021. Принята к печати: 12.10.2021.Submitted: 05.02.2021. Accepted: 12.10.2021.Объектом исследования является гибридный дискурс как результат интеграции языковых маркеров и концептов юридического дискурса и художественного нарратива, а его предметом — приемы, механизмы и средства трансфера знания, участвующие в формировании такого дискурса. Под трансфером юридического знания в художественный текст понимается процесс переноса знания, маркированного правовой сферой, в нарративное пространство художественного произведения с целью моделирования образа женщины-судьи, выявления профессионально значимых характеристик личности, ее внутренних противоречий, интегрированных в персонифицированную концепцию морали. Цель работы — изучение вербального инструментария трансфера знания, который осуществляется посредством языковых маркеров юридического дискурса и единиц художественного текста в процессе создания гетерогенного текста, ставшего результатом функционирования гибридного дискурса. Исследование ведется с учетом собственно лингвистического, психолингвистического, культурологического, логико-философского и когнитивно-дискурсивного подходов к изучению трансфера знания и с привлечением структурно-семантического метода, методов контекстуального и концептуального анализа, а также частных методов профилирования, компонентного, этимологического анализа и др. Материалом выступает англоязычный роман британского писателя И. Макьюэна «Закон о детях». Тематическим ядром произведения являются морально-этические вопросы семейного права, этико-религиозные разногласия между представителями разных конфессий и персонифицированные морально-психологические искания судьи Фионы Мей, касающиеся вопросов права, личности и общества, воспитания детей, жизни и смерти. Реконструируется личностная модель поведения, отражающая профессиональные знания и умения, характеристики речи, нравственные предпосылки поведения, взаимоотношения с окружающими, которые становятся концептуальной составляющей деятельности судьи. Данная модель рассматривается с позиции теории трансфера юридического знания в пространство художественного текста. Выделяются механизмы трансфера знания (инференция, фокусирование, метафоризация, адъективация), основные приемы трансфера — текстовые (реверсивный монтаж, синтаксическая доминанта, перспективизация, антитеза, эмфаза) и лексико-семантические (трансформация значений слов, семантические импликации, актуализация этимологии слова, профилирование отдельных компонентов значения), а также средства трансфера — языковые реалии (расширенный контекст, предложение, слово, сема). Выделенные приемы и механизмы трансфера находят выражение на разных языковых уровнях: семантическом, синтаксическом и лингвопрагматическом. Включение языковых маркеров и концептов юридического дискурса в пространство художественного текста создает единый гетерогенный контекст, в котором репрезентируются значимые смысловые и аксиологические характеристики персонифицированной модели морали судьи Англии. Делается вывод о взаимовлиянии двух маркированных дискурсов.The object of this study is hybrid discourse as a result of the integration of language markers and concepts of legal discourse and literary narrative. The subject of the study is the techniques, mechanisms, and means of transfer involved in the formation of hybrid discourse. The transfer of legal knowledge into a literary text is the process of transmitting knowledge marked by the legal sphere into the narrative space of a literary text in order to model the image of a female judge, identify professionally significant personality characteristics and internal contradictions integrated into a personalised concept of morality. The purpose of this work is to study verbal tools of the knowledge transfer, implemented by the language markers of legal discourse and units of a literary text in the process of formation of a heterogeneous text that is the result of functioning of hybrid discourse. The study is conducted with regard to linguistic, psycholinguistic, cultural, logical-philosophical, and cognitive-discursive approaches to the analysis of knowledge transfer and involving the structural-semantic method, methods of contextual and conceptual analysis, as well as more specific methods of profiling, component analysis, etymological analysis, etc. The authors refer to The Children Act, a novel by the British writer Ian McEwan. The thematic core of this work is the moral issues of family law and religious differences between representatives of different confessions and Judge Fiona May’s personified moral and psychological search, dealing with issues of law, personality and society, parenting, life and death. The personal model of behaviour is reconstructed in this study and it reflects professional knowledge and skills, speech characteristics, ethical and moral prerequisites of behaviour, and relationships with others that become a conceptual component of the judge’s activity. This model is regarded from the perspective of the theory of transfer of legal knowledge in the space of a literary text. The authors identify the knowledge transfer mechanisms (inference, (de)focusing, metaphorisation, adjectivisation), the main transfer techniques — textual (reverse editing, syntactic dominant, perspectivisation, antithesis, emphasis) and lexical-semantic (transformation of word meanings, semantic implications, actualisation of word etymology, profiling of individual components of meaning), and means of transfer — linguistic realities (extended context, sentence, word, seme). The selected techniques and mechanisms of transfer manifest themselves at different levels of language: semantic, syntactic, and linguo-pragmatic. The inclusion of linguistic markers and concepts of legal discourse in the space of a literary text creates a single heterogeneous context in which the significant semantic and axiological characteristics of the personified model of the morality of the judge of England are represented. The authors make a conclusion about the mutual influence of the two marked discourses

Category of Eventfulness in Interdiscourse

В статье рассматривается специфика реализации категории событийности в художественном тексте с юридически значимой проблематикой на примере романа Ч. Диккенса "Холодный дом".The paper focuses on the interaction between two socially significant discourses - law discourse and literary discourse, forming a unique linguo-sociocultural space - interdiscourse. This interdiscourse, the formation of which is associated with a specific historicallegal communicative situation - to transfer knowledge from a highly specialized, closed legal field to the public in order to solve some urgent social problems - is actualized in the artistic worldview in the novel on various levels of meaning generation

Water Microelement Composition Influence on the Efficiency of the Milk Powder Dissolution Process

Drinking water is important in food production. Its indicators have a direct impact on the quality and safety of finished products, the technological equipment efficiency, etc. In most food technologies, involving the use of milk powder, a priori use the process of its preliminary hydration, that is, dissolution or recovery. In this connection, there is a need to generalize the existing theoretical and practical foundations of this process and find ways to further improve them. Analysis of scientific and technical material in this area showed, that a number of scientists proposed various descriptions not only of individual stages, but also of the dissolution process as a whole, and its determining factors were identified, mathematical models were built, making it possible to determine critical areas depending on from the properties of the raw materials and the process, data were obtained on the parameters of the system during the dissolution of dry dairy products.In the article presents the sanitary and hygienic, physicochemical and organoleptic require-ments for drinking water by Russian legislation, international organizations and national standards of a number of countries.Presented a review of widely used and promising water treatment methods.Analyzed data, describing the effect of the microelement water composition on the efficiency of milk powder dissolving process. It is shown, that decrease of water total hardness and dry substances of mass fraction adjustment in the reconstituted milk have a positive effect on the dissolution process efficiency.Was noted the relevance of further researches on the directional formation of water trace ele-ment composition for increasing the efficiency of milk powder dissolving and to obtain re-constituted dairy systems, used in the production of various food products of predicted quality and safety.Drinking water is important in food production. Its indicators have a direct impact on the quality and safety of finished products, the technological equipment efficiency, etc. In most food technologies, involving the use of milk powder, a priori use the process of its preliminary hydration, that is, dissolution or recovery. In this connection, there is a need to generalize the existing theoretical and practical foundations of this process and find ways to further improve them. Analysis of scientific and technical material in this area showed, that a number of scientists proposed various descriptions not only of individual stages, but also of the dissolution process as a whole, and its determining factors were identified, mathematical models were built, making it possible to determine critical areas depending on from the properties of the raw materials and the process, data were obtained on the parameters of the system during the dissolution of dry dairy products.In the article presents the sanitary and hygienic, physicochemical and organoleptic require-ments for drinking water by Russian legislation, international organizations and national standards of a number of countries.Presented a review of widely used and promising water treatment methods.Analyzed data, describing the effect of the microelement water composition on the efficiency of milk powder dissolving process. It is shown, that decrease of water total hardness and dry substances of mass fraction adjustment in the reconstituted milk have a positive effect on the dissolution process efficiency.Was noted the relevance of further researches on the directional formation of water trace ele-ment composition for increasing the efficiency of milk powder dissolving and to obtain re-constituted dairy systems, used in the production of various food products of predicted quality and safety

Production and characterisation of a SARS-CoV-2 S-protein RBD homodimer with increased avidity for specific antibodies

Monitoring of the proportion of immune individuals and the effectiveness of vaccination in a population involves evaluation of several important parameters, including the level of virus-neutralising antibodies. In order to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to develop approaches to detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies by safe, simple and rapid methods that do not require live viruses. To develop a test system for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects potential neutralising antibodies, it is necessary to obtain a highly purified recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein with high avidity for specific antibodies.The aim of the study was to obtain and characterise a SARS-CoV-2 S-protein RBD homodimer and a recombinant RBD-expressing cell line, as well as to create an ELISA system for detecting potential neutralising antibodies.Materials and methods: the genetic construct was designed in silico. To generate a stable producer cell line, the authors transfected CHO-S cells, subjected them to antibiotic pressure, and selected the optimal clone. To isolate monomeric and homodimeric RBD forms, the authors purified the recombinant RBD by chromatographic methods. Further, they analysed the activity of the RBD forms by Western blotting, bio-layer interferometry, and indirect ELISA. The analysis involved mono clonal antibodies GamXRH19, GamP2C5, and h6g3, as well as serum samples from volunteers vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) and unvaccinated ones.Results: the authors produced the CHO-S cell line for stable expression of the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 S-protein RBD. The study demonstrated the recombinant RBD’s ability to homodimerise after fed-batch cultivation of the cell line for more than 7 days due to the presence of unpaired cysteines. The purified recombinant RBD yield from culture broth was 30–50 mg/L. Monomeric and homodimeric RBD forms were separated using gel-filtration chromatography and characterised by their ability to interact with specific monoclonal antibodies, as well as with serum samples from vaccinated volunteers. The homodimeric recombinant RBD showed increased avidity for both monoclonal and immune sera antibodies.Conclusions: the homodimeric recombinant RBD may be more preferable for the analysis of levels of antibodies to the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein

Спектроскопическое исследование фотофизических свойств метиленового синего в биологических средах

A spectroscopic study of the photophysical properties of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions was carried out. Absorption and fluorescence spectra as well as fluorescence lifetime were recorded. The concentration dependence of the intensity and shape of the spectra allowed establishing the ranges of MB concentrations for in vitro and in vivo studies at which aggregation is not observed (up to 0.01 mM, which corresponds to 3.2 mg/kg). Studies of photodegradation in biological media showed that photobleaching of more than 80% in plasma and culture media is observed already at a dose of 5 J/cm2 , while in water at this concentration and dose photobleaching is not yet observed, and at a dose of 50 J/cm2  photobleaching of MB is about 30%. It was found that in media containing proteins and having an alkaline pH, photobleaching occurs significantly faster than in neutral aqueous media. The ionic strength of the solution has no effect on the photobleaching rate. Such photobleaching is caused by the photodegradation of MB rather than the transition to the leucoform.The efficiency of singlet oxygen generation and photodynamic activity were evaluated in vitro. In the investigated range of MB concentrations, the efficiency of singlet oxygen generation is rather low, because positively charged MB binds to negatively charged cell membranes, which leads to a change in the type of photodynamic reaction. The emergence of other reactive oxygen species (ROS), different from singlet oxygen, in cells has been demonstrated. The generation of ROS and the low quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation indicate the tendency of MB to provide the type I photosensitization mechanism (electron transfer with the formation of semi-reduced and semi-oxidized MB+ radicals) rather than to the type II mechanism (energy transfer to oxygen with the formation of singlet oxygen) in biological media and in vivo.Проведено спектроскопическое исследование фотофизических свойств метиленового синего (МС) в водных растворах и биологических жидкостях. Зарегистрированы спектры поглощения и флуоресценции, а также времена жизни флуоресценции. По зависимости интенсивности и формы спектров от концентрации удалось установить диапазоны концентраций МС для исследований in vitro и in vivo при которых не наблюдается агрегация (до 0,01 мМ, что соответствует 3,2 мг/кг). Исследовано фотообесцвечивание МС под действием лазерного излучения. Исследования фотодеградации в биологических средах показали, что фотообесцвечивание более чем на 80% в плазме и культуральной среде наблюдается уже при дозе 5 Дж/см2 , в то время как в воде при такой концентрации при дозе 5 Дж/см2  фотообесцвечивания еще не наблюдается, а при дозе 50 Дж/см2  фотообесцвечивание МС составляет порядка 30%. Установлено, что в средах, содержащих белки и обладающих щелочным рН, фотообесцвечивание происходит существенно быстрее, чем в нейтральных водных средах. Ионная сила раствора не оказывает влияния на скорость фотообесцвечивания. Такое фотообесцвечивание вызвано фотодеградацией МС, а не переходом в лейкоформу. Проведена оценка эффективности генерации синглетного кислорода и фотодинамической активности in vitro. В исследуемом диапазоне концентраций МС эффективность генерации синглетного кислорода достаточно низкая, так как положительно заряженный МС связывается с негативно заряженными мембранами клеток, что приводит к изменению типа фотодинамической реакции. Продемонстрировано возникновение в клетках других активных форм кислорода (АФК), отличных от синглетного кислорода. Генерация АФК и невысокий квантовом выход генерации синглетного кислорода свидетельствуют о склонности МС к механизму фотосенсибилизации I типа (перенос электрона с образованием полувосстановленных и полуокисленных радикалов MB+), а не к механизму II типа (перенос энергии к кислороду с образованием синглетного кислорода) в биологических средах и in vivo