1,691 research outputs found
Lensing and high-z supernova surveys
Gravitational lensing causes the distribution of observed brightnesses of
standard candles at a given redshift to be highly non-gaussian. The
distribution is strongly, and asymmetrically, peaked at a value less than the
expected value in a homogeneous Robertson-Walker universe. Therefore, given any
small sample of observations in an inhomogeneous universe, the most likely
observed luminosity is at flux values less than the Robertson-Walker value.
This paper explores the impact of this systematic error due to lensing upon
surveys predicated on measuring standard candle brightnesses. We re-analyze
recent results from the high-z supernova team (Riess et al. 1998), both when
most of the matter in the universe is in the form of compact objects
(represented by the empty-beam expression, corresponding to the maximal case of
lensing), and when the matter is continuously distributed in galaxies. We find
that the best-fit model remains unchanged (at Omega_m=0, Omega_Lambda=0.45),
but the confidence contours change size and shape, becoming larger (and thus
allowing a broader range of parameter space) and dropping towards higher values
of matter density, Omega_m (or correspondingly, lower values of the
cosmological constant, Omega_Lambda). These effects are slight when the matter
is continuously distributed. However, the effects become considerably more
important if most of the matter is in compact objects. For example, neglecting
lensing, the Omega_m=0.5, Omega_Lambda=0.5 model is more than 2 sigma away from
the best fit. In the empty-beam analysis, this cosmology is at 1 sigma.Comment: 11 pages, 3 ps figures. uses aaspp4.sty. accepted to ApJ Letters.
includes analysis of lensing due to matter continuously distributed in
galaxie
On the structure of the BBGKY hierarchy for a Boltzmann gas
Structure of BBGKY hierarchy for Boltzmann gas and particle distribution
Cosmology from supernova magnification maps
High-z Type Ia supernovae are expected to be gravitationally lensed by the
foreground distribution of large-scale structure. The resulting magnification
of supernovae is statistically measurable, and the angular correlation of the
magnification pattern directly probes the integrated mass density along the
line of sight. Measurements of cosmic magnification of supernovae therefore
complements galaxy shear measurements in providing a direct measure of
clustering of the dark matter. As the number of supernovae is typically much
smaller than the number of sheared galaxies, the two-point correlation function
of lensed Type Ia supernovae suffers from significantly increased shot noise.
Neverthless, we find that the magnification map of a large sample of
supernovae, such as that expected from next generation dedicated searches, will
be easily measurable and provide an important cosmological tool. For example, a
search over 20 sq. deg. over five years leading to a sample of ~ 10,000
supernovae would measure the angular power spectrum of cosmic magnification
with a cumulative signal-to-noise ratio of ~20. This detection can be further
improved once the supernova distance measurements are cross-correlated with
measurements of the foreground galaxy distribution. The magnification maps made
using supernovae can be used for important cross-checks with traditional
lensing shear statistics obtained in the same fields, as well as help to
control systematics. We discuss two applications of supernova magnification
maps: the breaking of the mass-sheet degeneracy when estimating masses of
shear-detected clusters, and constraining the second-order corrections to weak
lensing observables.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, ApJL submitted; "Signal" discussed here is the
extra covariance in astro-ph/050958
Problems with Pencils: Lensing Covariance of Supernova Distance Measurements
While luminosity distances from Type Ia supernovae (SNe) provide a powerful
probe of cosmological parameters, the accuracy with which these distances can
be measured is limited by cosmic magnification due to gravitational lensing by
the intervening large-scale structure. Spatial clustering of foreground mass
fluctuations leads to correlated errors in distance estimates from SNe. By
including the full covariance matrix of supernova distance measurements, we
show that a future survey covering more than a few square degrees on the sky,
and assuming a total of ~2000 SNe, will be largely unaffected by covariance
noise. ``Pencil beam'' surveys with small fields of view, however, will be
prone to the lensing covariance, leading to potentially significant
degradations in cosmological parameter estimates. For a survey with 30 arcmin
mean separation between SNe, lensing covariance leads to a ~45% increase in the
expected errors in dark energy parameters compared to fully neglecting lensing,
and a ~20% increase compared to including just the lensing variance. Given that
the lensing covariance is cosmology dependent and cannot be mapped out
sufficiently accurately with direct weak lensing observations, surveys with
small mean SN separation must incorporate the effects of lensing covariance,
including its dependence on the cosmological parameters.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, PRL submitted; "Noise" discussed here is the
"signal" in astro-ph/050957
Future supernovae data and quintessence models
The possibility to unambiguously determine the equation-of-state of the
cosmic dark energy with existing and future supernovae data is investigated. We
consider four evolution laws for this equation-of-state corresponding to four
quintessential models, i.e. i) a cosmological constant, ii) a general
barotropic fluid, iii) a perfect fluid with a linear equation-of-state and iv)
a more physical model based on a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson field. We
explicitly show the degeneracies present not only within each model but also
between the different models : they are caused by the multi-integral relation
between the equation-of-state of dark energy and the luminosity distance.
Present supernova observations are analysed using a standard method
and the minimal values obtained for each model are compared. We
confirm the difficulty to discriminate between these models using present SNeIa
data only. By means of simulations, we then show that future SNAP observations
will not remove all the degeneracies. For example, wrong estimations of
with a good value of could be found if the right
cosmological model is not used to fit the data. We finally give some
probabilities to obtain unambiguous results, free from degeneracies. In
particular, the probability to confuse a cosmological constant with a true
barotropic fluid with an equation-of-state different from -1 is shown to be 95%
at a level.Comment: 12 pages. This improved version has been accepted for publication in
M.N.R.A.
Bias and high-order galaxy correlation functions in the APM Galaxy Survey
On large scales, the higher order moments of the mass distribution,
S_J=\xibar_J/\xibar_2^{J-1}, e.g., the skewness and kurtosis , can
be predicted using non-linear perturbation theory. Comparison of these
predictions with moments of the observed galaxy distribution probes the bias
between galaxies and mass. Applying this method to models with initially
Gaussian fluctuations and power spectra similar to that of galaxies in
the APM survey, we find that the predicted higher order moments are in
good agreement with those directly inferred from the APM survey {\it in the
absence of bias}. We use this result to place limits on the linear and
non-linear bias parameters. Models in which the extra power observed on large
scales (with respect to standard CDM) is produced by scale-dependent bias match
the APM higher order amplitudes only if non-linear bias (rather than non-linear
gravity) generates the observed higher order moments. When normalized to COBE
DMR, these models are significantly ruled out by the observations. The
cold plus hot dark matter model normalized to COBE can reproduce the APM higher
order correlations if one introduces non-linear bias terms, while the
low-density CDM model with a cosmological constant does not require any bias to
fit the large-scale amplitudes.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures included, uuencoded postscript file (100 kB),
Fermilab-Pub-94/207-
Lensing and Supernovae: Quantifying The Bias on the Dark Energy Equation of State
The gravitational magnification and demagnification of Type Ia supernovae
(SNe) modify their positions on the Hubble diagram, shifting the distance
estimates from the underlying luminosity-distance relation. This can introduce
a systematic uncertainty in the dark energy equation of state (EOS) estimated
from SNe, although this systematic is expected to average away for sufficiently
large data sets. Using mock SN samples over the redshift range
we quantify the lensing bias. We find that the bias on the dark energy EOS is
less than half a percent for large datasets ( 2,000 SNe). However, if
highly magnified events (SNe deviating by more than 2.5) are
systematically removed from the analysis, the bias increases to 0.8%.
Given that the EOS parameters measured from such a sample have a 1
uncertainty of 10%, the systematic bias related to lensing in SN data out to can be safely ignored in future cosmological measurements.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; one figure and references added; minor
modifications to text; reflects version accepted for publication in Ap
A Galaxy Photometric Redshift Catalog for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6
We present and describe a catalog of galaxy photometric redshifts (photo-z's)
for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 6 (DR6). We use the
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique to calculate photo-z's and the
Nearest Neighbor Error (NNE) method to estimate photo-z errors for ~ 77 million
objects classified as galaxies in DR6 with r < 22. The photo-z and photo-z
error estimators are trained and validated on a sample of ~ 640,000 galaxies
that have SDSS photometry and spectroscopic redshifts measured by SDSS, 2SLAQ,
CFRS, CNOC2, TKRS, DEEP, and DEEP2. For the two best ANN methods we have tried,
we find that 68% of the galaxies in the validation set have a photo-z error
smaller than sigma_{68} =0.021 or $0.024. After presenting our results and
quality tests, we provide a short guide for users accessing the public data.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figure
The Projected Three-point Correlation Function: Theory and Observations
We report results for the angular three-point galaxy correlation function in
the APM survey and compare them with theoretical expectations. For the first
time, these measurements extend to sufficiently large scales to probe the
weakly non-linear regime. On large scales, the results are in good agreement
with the predictions of non-linear cosmological perturbation theory, for a
model with initially Gaussian fluctuations and linear power spectrum
consistent with that inferred from the APM survey. These results reinforce the
conclusion that large-scale structure is driven by non-linear gravitational
instability and that APM galaxies are relatively unbiased tracers of the mass
on large scales; they also provide stringent constraints upon models with
non-Gaussian initial conditions and strongly exclude the standard cold dark
matter model.Comment: 10 pages, latex, 2 figures, submited to ApJ Le
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