A review of energy efficient systems integrated into building envelopes

There is an essential need to reduce energy consumption in building sector as it consumes about 40 percent of the world energy and causes environmental problems. About fifty percent of energy in the building sector is used for heating, cooling and air conditioning purposes. Considering building envelopes as particular building elements with many functions which its energetic function is the most important one influencing building energy consumption, enhancing the thermal and energy efficiency of envelopes would decrease energy consumption of the buildings. Building envelopes contain roofs, external walls which are in touch with the outside environment and the floors on the ground. This paper would review a brief history of envelopes evolution and introduce a categorization for the envelopes based on different strategies for enhancing energetic function. A huge literature review on building envelopes has been done to identify different techniques. The result is summarized in five strategies as energy generation, cooling and heating, sun radiation control, and Thermal moderation and adaptive

2 and 3-dimensional Hamiltonians with Shape Invariance Symmetry

Via a special dimensional reduction, that is, Fourier transforming over one of the coordinates of Casimir operator of su(2) Lie algebra and 4-oscillator Hamiltonian, we have obtained 2 and 3 dimensional Hamiltonian with shape invariance symmetry. Using this symmetry we have obtained their eigenspectrum. In the mean time we show equivalence of shape invariance symmetry and Lie algebraic symmetry of these Hamiltonians.Comment: 24 Page

Representation to the accident and emergency department within 1-year of a fractured neck of femur

Background: The fractured neck of femur (NOF) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The mortality attendant upon such fractures is 10% at 1 month and 30% at one year with a cost to the NHS of £1.4 billion annually. This retrospective study sought to examine rates and prevailing trends in representation to A&E in the year following a NOF fracture in an attempt to identify the leading causes behind the morbidity and mortality associated with this fracture. Methods: 1108 patients who suffered a fractured NOF between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2007 were identified from a University Hospital A&E database. This database was then used to identify those patients who represented within 1-year following the initial fracture. The presenting complaint, provisional diagnosis and the outcome of this presentation were identified at this time. Results: 234 patients (21%) returned to A&E on 368 occasions in the year following a hip fracture. 77% (284/368) of these presentations necessitated admission. Falls, infection and fracture were the leading causes of representation. Falls accounted for 20% (57/284) of admissions; 20.7% of patients were admitted because of a fracture, while 56.6% of admissions were for medical ailments of which infection was the chief precipitant (28% (45/161)). Discussion: The causes for representation are varied and multifactorial. The results of this study suggest that some of those events or ailments necessitating readmission may be obviated and potentially reduced by interventions that can be instituted during the primary admission and continued following discharge

CHILDREN QUITTING SOIL EATING HABIT AFTER HAVING A DIET CONSISTING OF MEAT AND CALCIUM

The objective of this study was to make children quit the habit of soil eating by administeringmeat, as a source of nutrients like proteins, vitamins and minerals along with oral calcium which can be given in the form of a chewable tablet. Data of 85 children of both genders was taken having a soil eating habit. On the basis of age children were divided into 3 groups, i.e. children of 2 to 6 years of age, childrenof 6 to 12 years of age and children above 12 years of age. Children were given one tablespoon of minced meat and a tablet of calcium daily for as long as the child takes to quit the soil eating This course of treatment was proven to be fairly effective. The reason forthis success was the fact that the cause behind soil eating is the body’s requirement forcertain nutrients (e.g.Anemicpeople have been reported to have such a habit, cause being iron deficiency) and soil or clay has all these nutrients, i.e. iron, calcium, zinc, proteins, vitamins etc. and so this need can also be fulfilled through a diet of meat and additional administration of calcium. Results showed that children of ages 2 to 6 years quit the soil eating habit the fastest in which males quit in 10 days while females in 12 days. Keywords: Soil eating habit, Oral Calcium, Vitamin and Protein