HSV Infection Induces Production of ROS, which Potentiate Signaling from Pattern Recognition Receptors: Role for S-glutathionylation of TRAF3 and 6

The innate immune response constitutes the first line of defense against infections. Pattern recognition receptors recognize pathogen structures and trigger intracellular signaling pathways leading to cytokine and chemokine expression. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are emerging as an important regulator of some of these pathways. ROS directly interact with signaling components or induce other post-translational modifications such as S-glutathionylation, thereby altering target function. Applying live microscopy, we have demonstrated that herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection induces early production of ROS that are required for the activation of NF-κB and IRF-3 pathways and the production of type I IFNs and ISGs. All the known receptors involved in the recognition of HSV were shown to be dependent on the cellular redox levels for successful signaling. In addition, we provide biochemical evidence suggesting S-glutathionylation of TRAF family proteins to be important. In particular, by performing mutational studies we show that S-glutathionylation of a conserved cysteine residue of TRAF3 and TRAF6 is important for ROS-dependent activation of innate immune pathways. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that ROS are essential for effective activation of signaling pathways leading to a successful innate immune response against HSV infection

Influence of input streams on the construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycling performance of basic and advanced treatment plants

The most common method of handling construction and demolition waste (CDW) is recycling; this produces recycled aggregates that can replace natural aggregates in various applications while offering social, economic, and environmental benefits. However, from technological, environmental, and management perspectives, CDW recycling faces complicated issues that require resolution. This study proposes a methodology for investigating the influence of segregation and heterogeneity of the inlet CDW stream, and the technological level of the recycling facilities, on the quantity and composition of aggregated product streams. Four different scenarios with the combination of two different segregation levels and two homogeneity grades of CDW were developed; two recycling plants of different technological levels, basic and advanced, were used to treat the CDW in these scenarios. The two segregation levels represent the actual situation and the future situation in Spain; the two homogeneity levels represent the mixing of different types of waste due to the contamination of the fractions. The results obtained indicate that under low segregation levels, basic recycling plants can reach the minimum target of non-hazardous CDW resource recovery set at 70% before 2021 by the European Union, as backfilling is permitted. However, high segregation levels and advanced CDW recycling plants are required if backfilling is excluded since the recycling percentage is much lower than the resource recovery percentage

Environmental Health Assessment of Deltamethrin in a Malarious Area of Mexico: Environmental Persistence, Toxicokinetics, and Genotoxicity in Exposed Children-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Environmental Health Assessment of Deltamethrin in a Malarious Area of Mexico: Environmental Persistence, Toxicokinetics, and Genotoxicity in Exposed Children"</p><p>Environmental Health Perspectives 2005;113(6):782-786.</p><p>Published online 25 Feb 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1257607.</p><p>This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.</p