101 research outputs found
GODAE systems in operation
During the last 15 years, operational oceanography systems have emerged in several countries
around the world. This emergence has been largely fostered by the GODAE experiment, during
which each nation engaged in this activity have organised partnership and constructive
competition. This trans-national coordination was very beneficial for the development of
operational oceanography, leading to economies of scales and more targeted actions. Today,
several systems provide routine real-time ocean analysis and forecast and/or reanalysis products.
They are all based on (i) state-of-the-art primitive equation baroclinic Ocean General Circulation
Model (OGCM) configurations, either global or regional (basin-scale), with resolutions that
range from coarse to eddy resolving and (ii) data assimilation techniques whose complexity
ranges from simple analysis correction to advanced 4D variational schemes. They assimilate
altimeter sea level anomalies, remotely sensed SST such as GHRSST products and in situ
profiles of T and S, including ARGO. Some systems have implemented downscaling capacities
in specific regions of interest including shelf/coastal seas. Some also have implemented coupling
with the atmosphere and/or the prognostic sea ice in polar regions. They are the GODAE system
in operation. They are reviewed in this paper. The GODAE system discussed here include: (1)
BLUElink OceanMAPS, (2) C-NOOFS, , (3) ECCO, (4) FOAM, (5) HYCOM/NCODA, (6)
MERCATOR, (7) MFS, (8) MOVE/MRI.COM, (9) NLOM/NCOM, (10) NMEFC, (11) RTOFS
and (12) TOPAZ.SubmittedNice, France3.11. Oceanografia Operativaope
GODAE systems in operation
During the last 15 years, operational oceanography systems have been
developed in several countries around the world. These developments have been
fostered primarily by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE),
which coordinated these activities, encouraged partnerships, and facilitated
constructive competition. This multinational coordination has been very beneficial
for the development of operational oceanography. Today, several systems provide
routine, real-time ocean analysis, forecast, and reanalysis products. These systems
are based on (1) state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM)
configurations, either global or regional (basin-scale), with resolutions that range
from coarse to eddy-resolving, and (2) data assimilation techniques ranging from
analysis correction to advanced three- or four-dimensional variational schemes. These
systems assimilate altimeter sea level anomalies, sea surface temperature data, and
in situ profiles of temperature and salinity, including Argo data. Some systems have
implemented downscaling capacities, which consist of embedding higher-resolution
local systems in global and basin-scale models (through open boundary exchange of
data), especially in coastal regions, where small scale-phenomena are important, and
also increasing the spatial resolution for these regional/coastal systems to be able to
resolve smaller scales (so-called downscaling). Others have implemented coupling
with the atmosphere and/or sea ice. This paper provides a short review of these
operational GODAE systems.Published76-914.6. Oceanografia operativa per la valutazione dei rischi in aree marineN/A or not JCRope
GODAE systems in operation
During the last 15 years, operational oceanography systems have emerged in several countries
around the world. This emergence has been largely fostered by the GODAE experiment, during
which each nation engaged in this activity have organised partnership and constructive
competition. This trans-national coordination was very beneficial for the development of
operational oceanography, leading to economies of scales and more targeted actions. Today,
several systems provide routine real-time ocean analysis and forecast and/or reanalysis products.
They are all based on (i) state-of-the-art primitive equation baroclinic Ocean General Circulation
Model (OGCM) configurations, either global or regional (basin-scale), with resolutions that
range from coarse to eddy resolving and (ii) data assimilation techniques whose complexity
ranges from simple analysis correction to advanced 4D variational schemes. They assimilate
altimeter sea level anomalies, remotely sensed SST such as GHRSST products and in situ
profiles of T and S, including ARGO. Some systems have implemented downscaling capacities
in specific regions of interest including shelf/coastal seas. Some also have implemented coupling
with the atmosphere and/or the prognostic sea ice in polar regions. They are the GODAE system
in operation. They are reviewed in this paper. The GODAE system discussed here include: (1)
BLUElink OceanMAPS, (2) C-NOOFS, , (3) ECCO, (4) FOAM, (5) HYCOM/NCODA, (6)
MERCATOR, (7) MFS, (8) MOVE/MRI.COM, (9) NLOM/NCOM, (10) NMEFC, (11) RTOFS
and (12) TOPAZ
GODAE systems in operation
During the last 15 years, operational oceanography systems have been
developed in several countries around the world. These developments have been
fostered primarily by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE),
which coordinated these activities, encouraged partnerships, and facilitated
constructive competition. This multinational coordination has been very beneficial
for the development of operational oceanography. Today, several systems provide
routine, real-time ocean analysis, forecast, and reanalysis products. These systems
are based on (1) state-of-the-art Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM)
configurations, either global or regional (basin-scale), with resolutions that range
from coarse to eddy-resolving, and (2) data assimilation techniques ranging from
analysis correction to advanced three- or four-dimensional variational schemes. These
systems assimilate altimeter sea level anomalies, sea surface temperature data, and
in situ profiles of temperature and salinity, including Argo data. Some systems have
implemented downscaling capacities, which consist of embedding higher-resolution
local systems in global and basin-scale models (through open boundary exchange of
data), especially in coastal regions, where small scale-phenomena are important, and
also increasing the spatial resolution for these regional/coastal systems to be able to
resolve smaller scales (so-called downscaling). Others have implemented coupling
with the atmosphere and/or sea ice. This paper provides a short review of these
operational GODAE systems
Near-infrared spectroscopy detects age-related differences in skeletal muscle oxidative function: promising implications for geroscience
Age is the greatest risk factor for chronic disease and is associated with a marked decline in functional capacity and quality of life. A key factor contributing to loss of function in older adults is the decline in skeletal muscle function. While the exact mechanism(s) remains incompletely understood, age-related mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to play a major role. To explore this question further, we studied 15 independently living seniors (age: 72 ± 5 years; m/f: 4/11; BMI: 27.6 ± 5.9) and 17 young volunteers (age: 25 ± 4 years; m/f: 8/9; BMI: 24.0 ± 3.3). Skeletal muscle oxidative function was measured in forearm muscle from the recovery kinetics of muscle oxygen consumption using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Muscle oxygen consumption was calculated as the slope of change in hemoglobin saturation during a series of rapid, supra-systolic arterial cuff occlusions following a brief bout of exercise. Aging was associated with a significant prolongation of the time constant of oxidative recovery following exercise (51.8 ± 5.4 sec vs. 37.1 ± 2.1 sec, P = 0.04, old vs. young, respectively). This finding suggests an overall reduction in mitochondrial function with age in nonlocomotor skeletal muscle. That these data were obtained using NIRS holds great promise in gerontology for quantitative assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative function at the bed side or clinic
Tachykinin receptors in GtoPdb v.2023.1
Tachykinin receptors (provisional nomenclature as recommended by NC-IUPHAR [91]) are activated by the endogenous peptides substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA; previously known as substance K, neurokinin α, neuromedin L), neurokinin B (NKB; previously known as neurokinin β, neuromedin K), neuropeptide K and neuropeptide γ (N-terminally extended forms of neurokinin A). The neurokinins (A and B) are mammalian members of the tachykinin family, which includes peptides of mammalian and nonmammalian origin containing the consensus sequence: Phe-x-Gly-Leu-Met. Marked species differences in in vitro pharmacology exist for all three receptors, in the context of nonpeptide ligands. Antagonists such as aprepitant and fosaprepitant were approved by FDA and EMA, in combination with other antiemetic agents, for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy
Tachykinin receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database
Tachykinin receptors (provisional nomenclature as recommended by NC-IUPHAR [90]) are activated by the endogenous peptides substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA; previously known as substance K, neurokinin α, neuromedin L), neurokinin B (NKB; previously known as neurokinin β, neuromedin K), neuropeptide K and neuropeptide γ (N-terminally extended forms of neurokinin A). The neurokinins (A and B) are mammalian members of the tachykinin family, which includes peptides of mammalian and nonmammalian origin containing the consensus sequence: Phe-x-Gly-Leu-Met. Marked species differences in in vitro pharmacology exist for all three receptors, in the context of nonpeptide ligands. Antagonists such as aprepitant and fosaprepitant were approved by FDA and EMA, in combination with other antiemetic agents, for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with emetogenic cancer chemotherapy
Synthesis and assimilation systems: essential adjuncts to the Global Ocean Observing System
The role of valuation and bargaining in optimising transboundary watercourse treaty regimes
In the face of water scarcity, growing water demands, population increase, ecosystem degradation, climate change, and so on transboundary watercourse states inevitably have to make difficult decisions on how finite quantities of water are distributed. Such waters, and their associated ecosystem services, offer multiple benefits. Valuation and bargaining can play a key role in the sharing of these ecosystems services and their associated benefits across sovereign borders. Ecosystem services in transboundary watercourses essentially constitute a portfolio of assets. Whilst challenging, their commodification, which creates property rights, supports trading. Such trading offers a means by which to resolve conflicts over competing uses and allows states to optimise their ‘portfolios’. However, despite this potential, adoption of appropriate treaty frameworks that might facilitate a market-based approach to the discovery and allocation of water-related ecosystem services at the transboundary level remains both a challenge, and a topic worthy of further study. Drawing upon concepts in law and economics, this paper therefore seeks to advance the study of how treaty frameworks might be developed in a way that supports such a market-based approach to ecosystem services and transboundary waters
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