Strategic Alliances Of Small And Medium Entrepreneurs A Challenge For The Colective Modernization Of Transport In The City Of Bogota

The public collective transportation of the city of Bogotá is facing a new reality, caused by a significant advance in the urban development, as well as, making progress of the mobility which expressed by the implementation of in a new system of massive transport for the city called TRANSMILENIO. In response to the challenge that this new urban dynamics has generated, the entrepreneurs of the collective transport of the city of Bogotá have made them aware of the urgent need to modernize their sector, in order to, succeed in being competitive within the new concept of public transport. This complex process of modernization of the collective transport has raised the need to create new paradigms of business management which include the construction of strategic alliances of small and medium entrepreneurs of the collective transportation of the city. This process has relied on the participation of the academy, local authorities and the support of programs that Inter American Development Bank has been implementing in the area of managerial partnership. The article on consideration shows the process of modernization that is given inside the collective companies of transports in the city of Bogotá, taking as a main referring the experience of “ Alliance Tránsfer” which considers the construction of new paradigms of business management, quality of the service, social managerial responsibility and the construction of citizenship. The principles on which the “Alliance Tránsfer” is getting built are based on a new conception of the urban collective public transport of passengers. “ALIANZA TRANSFER” not only includes the implementation of high standards of planning, operation, management, and quality in the service, but also the commitment in rebuilding values and the managerial social responsibility. At the same time, “Alliance Tránsfer” attempts to contribute trough the development of the collective public service of transport in the process of the social inclusion using it as a tool to fortify processes of construction and formation of the civilian population. Finally, “Alliance Tránsfer” seeks to agglutinate entrepreneurs through the sum of synergies of the transporters of the collective public sector to constitute themselves in to authentic agents of the social and economic development.Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne

Effectiveness of manual therapy compared to usual care by the general practitioner for chronic tension-type headache: design of a randomised clinical trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Patients with Chronic Tension Type Headache (CTTH) report functional and emotional impairments (loss of workdays, sleep disturbances, emotional well-being) and are at risk for overuse of medication. Manual therapy may improve symptoms through mobilisation of the spine, correction of posture, and training of cervical muscles.</p> <p>We present the design of a randomised clinical trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) compared to usual care by the general practitioner (GP) in patients with CTTH.</p> <p>Methods and design</p> <p>Patients are eligible for participation if they present in general practice with CTTH according to the classification of the International Headache Society (IHS).</p> <p>Participants are randomised to either usual GP care according to the national Dutch general practice guidelines for headache, or manual therapy, consisting of mobilisations (high- and low velocity techniques), exercise therapy for the cervical and thoracic spine and postural correction. The primary outcome measures are the number of headache days and use of medication. Secondary outcome measures are severity of headache, functional status, sickness absence, use of other healthcare resources, active cervical range of motion, algometry, endurance of the neckflexor muscles and head posture. Follow-up assessments are conducted after 8 and 26 weeks.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This is a pragmatic trial in which interventions are offered as they are carried out in everyday practice. This increases generalisability of results, but blinding of patients, GPs and therapists is not possible.</p> <p>The results of this trial will contribute to clinical decision making of the GP regarding referral to manual therapy in patients with chronic tension headache.</p

Italian guidelines for primary headaches: 2012 revised version

The first edition of the Italian diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for primary headaches in adults was published in J Headache Pain 2(Suppl. 1):105–190 (2001). Ten years later, the guideline committee of the Italian Society for the Study of Headaches (SISC) decided it was time to update therapeutic guidelines. A literature search was carried out on Medline database, and all articles on primary headache treatments in English, German, French and Italian published from February 2001 to December 2011 were taken into account. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses were analysed for each drug. If RCT were lacking, open studies and case series were also examined. According to the previous edition, four levels of recommendation were defined on the basis of levels of evidence, scientific strength of evidence and clinical effectiveness. Recommendations for symptomatic and prophylactic treatment of migraine and cluster headache were therefore revised with respect to previous 2001 guidelines and a section was dedicated to non-pharmacological treatment. This article reports a summary of the revised version published in extenso in an Italian version

Elur - satainaren, Microtus nivalis (Martins,1842), presentzia Euskalerrian.

Se da cuenta de la captura de tres ejemplares de Microtus nivalis en Ranero (Bizkaia), Aralar (Gipuzkoa) y Belagoa (Navarra)

Algunos aspectos de la ecología de los micromamíferos del País Vasco.

En base al material de egagrópilas de 191 localidades del País Vasco y de zonas de Burgos y La Rioja, se han estudiado diversos aspectos de la ecología de los pequeños mamíferos. El cálculo de las líneas de diversidad permite construir un paralelismo entre la línea para H'= 1.5 y la isoyeta de 800 mm.   Se puede observar una fuerte correlación entre la precipitación y la diversidad. Las líneas de porcentaje muestran la distribución de las especies en el territorio en estudio. La matriz de correlación entre las diferentes especies muestra por un lado un grupo de especies centroeuropeas: Crocidura   suaveolens, Sorex coronatus, S. minutus, Neomys fodiens, Pitymys pyrenaicus, Microtus agrestis y Microtus minutus, y por otro un grupo de especies mediterráneas: Mus sp., Suncus etruscus y   Pitymys duodecimcostatus. Entre las variables ambientales analizadas se puede destacar la precipitación, correlacionada significativamente con 11 especies, mientras la isoterma media anual presenta, únicamente, 6 correlaciones significativas

A plan of restauration in Navarra for the native freshwater crayfish species of Spain,

This paper describes the attempts to protect and re-establish threatened populations of the native freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes, of Navarra, Spain. Three species of crayfish are presently thriving in Navarra, the native species A. pallipes and the introduced North American species Pacifastacus leniusculus and Procambarus clarkii . Both species are known to carry the fungus Aphanomyces astaci in their cuticles and to transmite it to the native species. The management strategies implemented by the authorities in order to restore native populations of crayfish are discussed