Uni-directional models for narrow and broadband pulse propagation in second order nonlinear media

We consider optical pulse propagation in one spatial direction and observe that for lossless media, the resulting Maxwell equations are of the form of an infinite dimensional Hamiltonian system evolving in the spatial direction. A simplified uni-directional model is derived for waves running mainly in one direction. For quadratic chi2-nonlinearity, this leads to variants of the Korteweg¿de Vries equation (well known in fluid dynamics) with dispersion determined by the material properties. For narrow banded spectra, a corresponding envelope equation of nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS)-type, with full dispersive properties, is derived. Special attention is given to translate the NLS-solution to the physical field, which involves phase adaptations that contribute to the nonlinear dispersion relation. Then the propagation and distortion of double pumped pulses is studied by deriving uniformly valid analytic approximations. It is found, confirming but specifying previous observations, that when the quotient of amplitude and frequency difference is not small, side bands from third order effects have a contribution comparable to that of the first order terms. The uni-directional model describes the asymmetry in the distortions that are not described by the standard NLS-equation but which can be recovered when higher order dispersive effects are incorporated. The final conclusion when comparing the different models is that the uni-directional model is preferred above the NLS-model, based on its more general applicability for broad signals, its direct description of the physical fields, and the more direct analytical methods to find asymptotically valid approximations

Sintesis Dimetil Asetal Sitronelal Dengan Katalis Gas Hcl

Perlindungan gugus aldehida melalui pembentukan asetal umumnya dilakukan dengan metanol atau etanol terkatalis asam. Sitronelal memiliki gugus aldehida dan gugus alkena. Dalam lingkungan asam, sitronelal mudah mengalami siklisasi membentuk isopulegol dan isomernya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis dimetil asetal sitronelal dengan katalis gas HCl. Penggunaan gas HCl secara terbatas dimaksudkan untuk menghindari siklisasi sitronelal. Dalam suatu reaktor, 10 mL sitronelal ditambah dengan 20 mL metanol absolut dan 2 g CaCl2 pada labu leher tiga. Gas HCl dialirkan dengan laju alir 12 mL/menit pada temperatur ruang hingga pH campuran menjadi 2-3. Kemudian dilakukan pengadukan pada 30°C selama 48 jam dan diambil sampel pada durasi reaksi 12, 24 dan 48 jam. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan variasi temperatur dan jumlah CaCl2. Dimetil asetal sitronelal yang dihasilkan diisolasi dengan distilasi fraksinasi pengurangan tekanan dan diuji strukturnya dengan GC-MS, IR dan 1H-NMR. Peningkatan temperatur dan jumlah CaCl2 meningkatkan konversi sitronelal. Setelah 48 jam kuantitas dimetil asetal sitronelal mencapai 48,65%. Distilasi fraksinasi pengurangan tekanan (5 cmHg) terbukti meningkatkan kemurnian dimetil asetal sitronelal menjadi 86,39% terhadap produk kasarnya. Elusidasi struktur dengan spektrofotometer infra merah (IR) dan resonansi magnetik inti (1H-NMR) pada hasil distilasi fraksinasi membuktikan adanya struktur asetal sitronelal. Aldehyde group protection through acetal formation is generally performed by acid catalyzed methanol or ethanol. Citronellal that has aldehyde and alkene groups. In acidic environment, it is prone to do cyclization to form isopulegol and its isomers. This study aims to synthesize dimethyl acetal of citronellal with HCl gas catalysts. The limitation of HCl using gas was intended to avoid the citronellal cyclization. In a reactor, 10 mL citronellal was added with 20 mL of absolute methanol and 2 g CaCl2 in the three-neck flask. HCl gas was flowed at 12 mL/minute at room temperature until the mixture pH reached the scale of 2-3. The stirring was done at 30C for 48 hours and the samples was taken with the reaction duration of 12, 24 and 48 hours then the effect of temperature and the CaCl2 amount was investigated. Dimethyl acetal citronellal was isolated by fractional distillation by reducing the pressure and its structure was analyzed by GC-MS, IR and 1H-NMR. The increasing of temperature and amount of CaCl2 increased the citronellal conversion, then After 48 hours the quantity of dimethyl acetal of citronellal reached 48.65%. Fractional distillation by pressure reduction (5 cmHg) was proven to be able to improve the purity of dimethyl acetal citronellal up to 86.39% towards its crude product. Structure elucidation with IR and 1H-NMR in distilled fractionation product have proven the presence of citronellal acetal structure

Eksklusi Atas Nama Konservasi (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Sekitar/dalam Kawasan Taman Nasional Ujungkulon Banten)

This paper elaborate on the issue of conservation, agrarian conflict and exclusion communities around / in the conservation area of the National Park Ujungkulon (TNUK) Banten. The issue of paradigm for governance natural resources is the source and root of behavior, policy, and conservation programs are iqnorance of rights, access, control and life space people around / in the conservation area. Then it will be explained why it matters and how exclusion processes occurred, and the reason and what the paradigm, what conditions pushed, contestation actors and interests and how the public response, and how its impact on society in surroundings. This paper concludes with a reflection on the state of denial over its natural resources and agrarian resources themselves

Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja pada Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (Ocb) dengan Komitmen Tim sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi

The purpose this study to examine the effect job satisfaction on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB), effect team commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and moderating effect of team commitment on the effect job satisfaction on OCB. The previous research that are inconsistent and remarkably little research has examined OCB in the context of these team motivate researchers to reexamine the influence of job satisfaction on OCB. The sampel taken are 34 employee PT. PLN (Persero) APJ Surakarta. The sampling technique with the sampling jenuh (sensus). Methods used to test the research hypothesis is multiple linear regression and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results show that the job satisfaction positively affect on OCB and team commitment does moderate the effect job satisfaction on OCB. The results of this study support the research of Foote and Tang (2008)

Velocity Estimation in Mixtures using Tomography

In oil production a lot of water is usually pumped up together with the oil. For many reasons the reduction of the water production is a very important issue. The method presented in this paper is meant to provide a necessary tool for this. Most drilling wells consist of a network of bore holes. Some of them may produce water, others oil or a mixture. At the moment the net flow of all bore holes together is brought to the surface. It is desirable to be able to detect how much water a specific bore hole contributes. If this amount surpasses a critical value one could then consider to close that bore hole. This leads to the question how the composition of the flow in a pipe can be determined in situ. In this paper we analyze how tomography techniques, well-known from medical applications, can be applied in the case of a bore hole. These techniques allow to measure instantaneously the mass distribution over a cross section of the pipe. For velocity estimation, the idea is to detect the mass distributions at two neighbouring cross sections at successive times. Correlating the obtained time series, one might be able to estimate the local velocity profile. The basic idea was already mentioned in literature before, but it was believed that the number of correlations to be evaluated is so huge, that the approach would fail in practice. In this paper we describe the mathematical details of the method and conclude that the number of time consuming calculations is not necessarily a limiting factor. In addition, suggestions are made to facilitate the use of tomography for velocity estimation

Game Theory Application on Funding Strategy PT. Bank Syari’ah Mandiri and PT. Bank BNI Syari’ah Facing the Competition of Islamic Banking Industry in Indonesia

This study aims to show the application of game theory on the funding strategy of PT. Bank Syari’ah Mandiri and PT. Bank BNI Syari’ah in facing competition of syariah banking industry in Indonesia. The approach used is descriptive quantitative by using payoff matrix analysis technique in game theory between PT. Bank Syari’ah Mandiri and PT. Bank BNI Syari’ah as research subject and funding strategy as object of research and DPK, hajj fund, number of customer as indicator of payoff. The results showed that the Nash Ekuilibrium and the Prisoner’s Dilemma were not found in this game. Dominant strategy that get the highest payoff from each banks is a strategy to increase the promotion and marketing of haji cheap more aggressive to increase core deposit in anticipation of the decrease of funds due to the establishment of Hajj Financial Management Agency (BPKH) with 32,1 score for PT. Bank Syari’ah Mandiri and mass-funding strategy in partnership with BNI in the form of agency cooperation / Sharia Services Bank and synergize with micro outlet for marketing DPK with 25,4 score for PT. Bank BNI Syari’ah.     Keywords: Game Theory, Strategy, Bank Funding, Islamic Ban