Features of the distribution of manganese in soils of the Prichulym taiga in Tomsk region during forest logging

In the course of the summer expedition, soil samples were taken from the upper, the most ‘active’ for migration and pollution by chemical elements, horizon in the taiga zone of Zyryanskiy district, Tomsk region. Soils were sampled in two plots: in a typical taiga forest and in the area after selective logging carried out six years ago. The selected soil samples were analyzed for the presence and total content of manganese. As a result of statistical data processing, the average value of the content of this element was obtained. Changes in the species composition of vegetation in the logged area could affect the redistribution of the considered chemical element in the soil. For a complete picture of the deposition and the reasons for possible migration of manganese in the upper layer of the soil horizon, the acid-base conditions and the organic component (humus) were additionally determined in the soil samples. The global indicators of the world’s soils – clarke values – were used as standards to compare with the average values of the manganese content in soil. The obtained average values of manganese in the upper horizon of soils in the studied areas were compared with respect to the data on the content of manganese in soils of the taiga forest zone of Eurasia. The southeast of Tomsk region is included in this zone. Based on the ecological and geochemical analysis, the reasons for the change in the content of manganese and the degree of its dangerous impact have been revealed. This characteristic made it possible to interpret the data obtained on the manganese content in the soil of the study areas, as well as to assess the state of the environment after anthropogenic transformation and other possible factors

Species Differences of Imperative Mood of Russian Verbs in the Linguodidactic Aspect

One of the most difficult topics to be learned by students of Russian as a foreign language is represented by the verb aspects at the imperative mood. In this paper, the authors underline the need to develop a new approach to explain the differences and the correct use of imperative aspects used at the imperative mood, starting from the analysis of the directive speech acts linguopragmatic characteristics and based on the algorithmic learning method. The authors here present their algorithm, the aim of which is to make it easier for students to choose either the imperfect or the perfect aspect of an imperative verb in different communicative situations. The structure of the algorithm is defined on the base of three main factors: (1) the presence of the word “ ne ” (do not) which makes the sentence negative; (2) situations when, due to the action nature (repetitive or long-term procedural action), only the imperfect aspect must be used; (3) situations when the choice of the aspect relies on the pragmatic characteristics of the causative action, the more relevant of which authors identified in the expectedness / unexpectedness of the causative action. The algorithm developed by the authors was successfully implemented during a pilot experiment held at the Insubria University (Como, Italy) with students of Russian as a foreign language. The results of the experiment showed that algorithmization is an optimal method to train students in the correct use of the imperative aspects, since it allows to take into account at once the totality of linguistic and extralinguistic communication factors and to structure and better control the mental steps students have to make towards the correct solution

Media Communications of Executive Power: Assessing Effectiveness

Assessing the Effectiveness of Media Communications of Executive Power: An Analysis of Speeches. This study focuses on developing a method to evaluate the effectiveness of communication between Russian executive authorities and citizens. The empirical data was collected from posts on the official pages of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Perm Krai Ministry of Health, and Sverdlovsk Oblast Ministry of Health on the social media platform VKontakte. The relevance of this research lies in the need to establish objective measures of speech performance based on verifiable data. One such measure is the engagement coefficient of users, determined through the online service Popsters.ru. The novelty of this study lies in interpreting effectiveness as a complex characteristic represented by the reactions of recipients — likes, comments, and reposts. The proposed algorithm for evaluating the effectiveness of media dialogue between authorities and citizens includes the following procedures: determining criteria for selecting content, automatic analysis of material, ranking publications, content analysis of publications, and identifying their discursive-stylistic features. It has been proven that the engagement of users in communication with authorities is influenced by the content, thematic, linguistic, and non-verbal parameters of the text (question-answer complexes, evaluative vocabulary, prospective and exclamatory constructions, categorization, emojis, etc.). This methodology can be used to assess the effectiveness of media dialogue between executive power and citizens on other digital platforms

Optimized properties of live vaccine influenza reassortant strains obtained by reverse genetics

Classical reassortment in developing chicken eggs is a well-established technique for obtaining LAIV strains. Naturally generated reassortant vaccine strains are characterized by high reproductive capacity, genetically stable characteristics of temperature sensitivity and cold resistance, which correspond to the characteristics of the MDV involved in crossing with the epidemic virus. Along with antigenic relevance, natural reassortment ensures attenuation of vaccine strains, good reproduction capacity in upper respiratory tract cells and inability to reproduction in the lower respiratory tract. With classical reassortment, the speed and efficiency of obtaining vaccine reassortants largely depend on the properties of epidemic virus, and therefore cannot be stable. The potential of reverse genetics is attractive because it allows to obtain vaccine reassortants quickly and efficiently, reduce the likelihood of spontaneous mutations; however, the vaccine strain is deprived of the advantages of natural selection, in which the most viable clones are selected. This study presents the results of comparatively assessed A(H3N2) LAIVs obtained in parallel by classical reassortment and reverse genetics according to criteria confirming that vaccine strains inherit the necessary properties that guarantee their harmlessness and high reproduction in chicken embryos. Strains for LAIV obtained by both methods retained all attenuating mutations inherited from the MDV, were highly reproductive at the optimal temperature, with temperature sensitivity corresponded to the MDV. However, strains obtained by reverse genetics, was observed to have partial loss of cold resistance in comparison with that of the MDV and classical reassortants. Reduced cold adaptation may negatively affect vaccine effectiveness. It is important that after several additional passages in chicken embryos at low temperature, the cold resistance of the vaccine strain, assembled by reverse genetics, was increased. Credibly that cold resistance is a phenotypic trait, the degree of manifestation of which depends on the temperature conditions of virus multiplication. The selective factor of reduced incubation temperature is missing in reverse genetics. In order for the cold-adapted phenotype to be fully realized, additional passages at low temperature of RG-reassortants are necessary. Thus, the reverse genetics method using plasmid technology allows to effectively prepare reassortant strains for LAIV. An important stage in obtaining vaccine strains using genetic engineering techniques should be the control of their cold-adapted phenotype and its optimization by additional passages at low temperature

Characteristics of new cases of infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in patients having HIV infection with multidrug resistance of the pathogen according to multi-layer spiral computed tomography

Background. Identification of the characteristics of the pulmonary tuberculosis process using multi-layer spiral computed tomography (MSCT) in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection is important in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, determining the dissemination of the process and its dynamics during treatment. The aim. To determine the initial characteristics and dynamics of infiltrative tuberculosis according to MSCT in patients with and without HIV infection, with and without multidrug resistance (MDR) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis who were treated in a hospital. Materials and methods. 126 patients aged 19–59 years with tuberculosis, combined with HIV infection and without HIV infection were examined. For statistical processing, we used MS Excel (Microsoft Corp., USA) software package. Results. Patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection in comparison with patients with tuberculosis and without HIV had more expressed intoxication syndrome and respiratory impairement in the clinical picture (p < 0.00001). Patients with coinfection were more likely to suffer from alcohol (p  <  0.05) and drug addiction (p < 0.001). According to MSCT, the pathological process in HIV-positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was more disseminated (p < 0.05), included severe intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (p < 0.0001), more common pleural lesions (p < 0.005), less common destructive changes (cavities) (p < 0.001) and outcomes in form of fibro-cavernous tuberculosis (p < 0.01). Process regression was slower in patients with tuberculosis and HIV (p < 0.005). According to MSCT, extensive lung damage, intrathoracic lymphadenopathy were  more often found in patients with MDR in coinfection (p  <  0.05). Cavities and fibro-cavernous tuberculosis outcomes were more common in patients with tuberculosis without HIV infection and with MDR (p < 0.05). Conclusion. MSCT provides detailed information about the pathological process in the lungs and its dynamics under the treatment of tuberculosis and HIV infection

Investigation of the Influence of Suspension Stirring Rate on the Properties of Zirconium Dioxide Particles by Controlled Double-Jet Precepitation

The work is aimed at studying the effect of the suspension stirring rate on the properties of zirconium dioxide particles. It was shown that the stirring rate affects the morphology and particle size distribution of the obtained oxides

Позднеплейстоценовое оледенение и отступание ледникового покрова на шельфе Южно-Оркнейского плато, Западная Антарктика

The research aims to provide insight into reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene glaciations and ice retreat that followed the Last Glacial Maximum. The study is based on multi-channel seismic profiling and multibeam survey conducted on the shelf during the 63-rd Russian Antarctic Expedition (2018) on RV «Akademik Alexander Karpinsky». The 560-channel, 7000-m-long streamer and the Atlas Hydrosweep MD-3/30 multibeam echo-sounder were used for seismic and multibeam survey, respectively. In addition, previously collected seismic data available from the Antarctic Seismic Data Library System and bathymetry data from the «International Bathymetry Chart of the Southern Ocean» (IBCSO) Project were involved for interpretation. The multibeam survey was carried out within the Signy Trough and its flanks with depths ranging from 180 to 400 m, and covered the area of about 1500 km2. The data were collected along 43 profiles spaced at 750 m to ensure enough overlap between swaths. Variety of submarine glacial landforms formed by grounded ice was identified on shelf of the South Orkney Plateau with use of seismic and multibeam data. The most prominent of these features is the large terminal moraine at the middle shelf (previously described as the mid-shelf break) marking the greatest ice extent at the LGM. Oceanward of the large terminal moraine, the plateau-like feature (delineated by 350 and 425 m isobaths) with relatively steep outer slope is recognized from seismic data and interpreted as the distal terminal moraine formed during the pre-LGM Pleistocene glaciation. Within the Signy Trough, submarine glacial landforms mapped by multibeam survey, reflect ice retreat after the LGM; these landforms include: subglacial lineation at the western flank of the northern Signy Trough indicating fast flowing grounded ice, transverse recessional moraine ridges, lateral shear moraine on the western flank and lateral marginal moraine on the eastern flank of the Trough, two grounding zone wedges, streamlined features (drumlins) and an ice-proximal fan (presumably). The end moraine was also identified in the eastern flank of Signy Trough. It is thought to be formed due to ice (outlet glacier) re-advance during the Antarctic Cold Reversal. Numerous iceberg plough-marks were observed at least down to 370 m water depths.По данным сейсмического профилирования и детальной съёмки с помощью многолучевого эхолота на шельфе Южно-Оркнейского плато идентифицированы подводные ледниковые формы рельефа, которые маркируют распространение ледникового покрова в периоды четвертичных оледенений и этапы его отступания в позднем плейстоцене. Предполагается, что максимальное распространение ледника с его налеганием на дно произошло в один из периодов похолодания плейстоцена. Во время последнего ледникового максимума ледник достигал среднего шельфа и сформировал крупную конечную морену. После этого началось его отступание, которое происходило неравномерно. В период Антарктического холодного реверса в районе долины Сигню установлено повторное наступание ледника

Effect of lethal yellow (AY) mutation and photoperiod alterations on mouse behavior

Decrease in natural illumination in fall/winter months causes depressive-like seasonal affective disorders in vulnerable individuals. Obesity is another risk factor of depression. The lethal yellow (AY) mutation causes ectopic expression of agouti protein in the brain. Mice heterozygous for AY mutation (AY/a) are obese compared to their wild-type littermates (a/a). The main aims of the study were to investigate the effects of AY mutation, photoperiod and the interaction between these factors on daily activity dynamics, feeding, locomotor and exploratory activities, anxiety-related and depressive-like behaviors in mild stress condition. Six weeks old mouse males of AY/a and a/a lines were divided into four groups eight animals each and exposed to long- (14 h light and 10 h darkness) or short- (4 h light and 20 h darkness) day conditions for 28 days. Then the behavior of these mice was successively investigated in the home cage, open field, elevated plus-maze and forced swim tests. We did not observed any effect of AY mutation on the general activity, water and food consumption in the home cage; locomotion and exploration in the open field test; anxiety-related behavior in the open field and elevated plus-maze tests. At the same time, AY mutation increased depressive-like immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 20.03, p = 0.00012). Shortday conditions decreased nocturnal activity in the home cage, as well as locomotion (F1.28 = 16.33, p = 0.0004) and exploration (F1.28 = 16.24, p < 0.0004) in the open field test. Moreover, short-day exposition decreased time spent in the center of the open field (F1.28 = 6.57, p = 0.016) and in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (F1.28 = 12.08, p = 0.0017) tests and increased immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 9.95, p = 0.0038). However, no effect of the interaction between AY mutation and photoperiod on immobility time in the forced swim test was observed. Therefore, short-day photoperiod and AY mutation increased depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test by means of different mechanisms

Tax Ad ministration of Large Taxpayers: Global Trends and Features of Russ ian Experience

The article deals with the history and current trends of tax administration of large taxpayers in the Russian Federation. The world experience of tax administration is analyzed as regards the peculiarities of large taxpayers. The following stages of the evolution of tax administration in developed countries are highlighted: the allocation of special units controlling large taxpayers in tax administrations; structuring control functions by industry; introduction of the principle of co-operative compliance. The characteristics and conditions of implementation in the OECD countries of the concept of co-operative compliance were analyzed. The results of tax administration of large taxpayers in the Russian Federation are considered. Particular attention was paid to the first results of the introduction of tax monitoring. The stages of the development of tax administration in developed countries and the Russian Federation are highlighted. It was concluded that the tendencies in the administration of large taxpayers in the Russian Federation are centralization, the introduction of information systems and a system of agreements, which generally corresponds to global practice. The main difference of the Russian practice of tax administration of large taxpayers, which is granting them preferences in exchange for access to their information and management, is highlighted. The analysis of the indicators confirmed the special tax status of the largest taxpayers as it showed the absence of a direct relationship between the performance indicators of the largest taxpayers and their tax liabilities. It was shown that subjective factors determine about 20% of the variation of the tax liabilities of a large taxpayer. It was concluded that the introduction of new forms of control in the form of tax monitoring is an effective way of state influence on the largest companies and a way to ensure the predictable social policy.В статье рассматривается история и современные тенденции налогового администрирования крупных налогоплательщиков в Российской Федерации. Анализируется мировой опыт налогового администрирования, соответствующий особенностям крупных налогоплательщиков. Выделены следующие этапы развития налогового администрирования в развитых странах: выделение специальных подразделений контролирующих крупных налогоплательщиков в налоговых администрациях; структурирование функций контроля по отраслевому признаку; внедрение принципа совместного соблюдения правил. Проанализированы характеристики и условия внедрения в странах ОЭСР концепции совместного соблюдения правил. Рассматриваются результаты налогового администрирования крупных налогоплательщиков в Российской Федерации. Особое внимание уделяется первым результатам внедрения налогового мониторинга. Выделены этапы развития налогового администрирования в развитых странах и Российской Федерации. Сделан вывод о том, что тенденциями в администрировании крупных налогоплательщиков в Российской Федерации являются централизация, внедрение информационных систем и системы соглашений, что в целом соответствует общемировой практике. Выделено основное отличие российской практики налогового администрирования крупных налогоплательщиков, заключающееся в предоставлении им преференций в обмен на доступ к своей информации и управление. Проведенный анализ показателей подтвердил особый налоговый статус крупнейших налогоплательщиков, так как показал отсутствие прямой зависимости между показателями деятельности крупнейших налогоплательщиков и их налоговыми обязательствами. Показано, что субъективные факторы определяют около 20 % вариации налоговых обязательств крупного налогоплательщика. Сделан вывод о том, что внедрение новых форм контроля в виде налогового мониторинга является эффективным способом государственного воздействия на крупнейшие компании способом обеспечения прогнозируемой социальной политики

Lence in parent-child relationships: a case study of preschool age

This article presents the results of research on the presence and manifestation of the signs of psychological abuse by parents on preschool children. The attitude of parents to their children is investigated using the method of diagnosing parental relationships by A. Varga, V.V. Stolin. As a result of the interpretation of the information obtained, general tendencies in child-parental relations, characteristic of this age, were revealedВ данной статье представлены результаты исследования наличия и проявление признаков психологического насилия со стороны родителей на детей дошкольного возраста. Исследуются отношение родителей к своим детям с помощью методики диагностики родительских отношений А.Я. Варга, В.В. Столин. В результате интерпретации полученных сведений, были выявлены общие тенденции в детско-родительских отношениях характерные данному возраст