Historical and statistical data on the development of the domestic alcoholic beverages industry

The method of historical and statistical data analysis makes it possible to identify development and characteristic patterns, both temporary and permanent, production criteria for various branches of the food industry. The application of this method made it possible to trace formation of the alcohol industry inRussiaand identify critical historical events that influenced its development. The article presents and analyzes statistical data on the production of the main types of alcoholic beverages industry since 1913

Facile regiodivergent synthesis of spiro pyrrole-substituted pseudothiohydantoins and thiohydantoins via reaction of [e]-fused 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with thiourea

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.A highly divergent synthesis of regioisomeric thiohydantoins and pseudothiohydantoins spiro-fused to a pharmacologically valuable pyrrole-2-one fragment involving the reaction of [e]-fused 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with thioureas was developed. The obtained spiro pseudothiohydantoin derivatives were found to undergo a pseudothiohydantoin–thiohydantoin rearrangement. The reactions were shown to proceed under catalyst-free conditions in good yields, and the products were isolated without applying preparative chromatography methods

Thermodynamics of Electrolytes on Anisotropic Lattices

The phase behavior of ionic fluids on simple cubic and tetragonal (anisotropic) lattices has been studied by grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations. Systems with both the true lattice Coulombic potential and continuous-space $1/r$ electrostatic interactions have been investigated. At all degrees of anisotropy, only coexistence between a disordered low-density phase and an ordered high-density phase with the structure similar to ionic crystal was found, in contrast to recent theoretical predictions. Tricritical parameters were determined to be monotonously increasing functions of anisotropy parameters which is consistent with theoretical calculations based on the Debye-H\"uckel approach. At large anisotropies a two-dimensional-like behavior is observed, from which we estimated the dimensionless tricritical temperature and density for the two-dimensional square lattice electrolyte to be $T^*_{tri}=0.14$ and $\rho^*_{tri} = 0.70$.Comment: submitted to PR

Field-theoretic description of ionic crystallization in the restricted primitive model

Effects of charge-density fluctuations on a phase behavior of the restricted primitive model (RPM) are studied within a field-theoretic formalism. We focus on a $\lambda$-line of continuous transitions between charge-ordered and charge-disordered phases that is observed in several mean-field (MF) theories, but is absent in simulation results. In our study the RPM is reduced to a $\phi^6$ theory, and a fluctuation contribution to a grand thermodynamic potential is obtained by generalizing the Brazovskii approach. We find that in a presence of fluctuations the $\lambda$-line disappears. Instead, a fluctuation-induced first-order transition to a charge-ordered phase appears in the same region of a phase diagram, where the liquid -- ionic-crystal transition is obtained in simulations. Our results indicate that the charge-ordered phase should be identified with an ionic crystal.Comment: 31 pages, 10 figure

Fermi-liquid theory of the surface impedance of a metal in a normal magnetic field

In this paper we present detailed theoretical analysis of the frequency and/or magnetic field dependence of the surface impedance of a metal at the anomalous skin effect. We calculate the surface impedance in the presence of a magnetic field directed along the normal to the metal surface. The effects of the Fermi-liquid interactions on the surface impedance are studied. It is shown that the cyclotron resonance in a normal magnetic field may be revealed {\it only and exclusively} in such metals whose Fermi surfaces include segments where its Gaussian curvature turns zero. The results could be applied to extract extra informations concerning local anomalies in the Fermi surface curvature in conventional and quasi-two-dimensional metals.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure, text added and rearranged, computational details are moved into Appendice

Origin of elemental carbon in snow from western Siberia and northwestern European Russia during winter-spring 2014, 2015 and 2016

Short-lived climate forcers have been proven important both for the climate and human health. In particular, black carbon (BC) is an important climate forcer both as an aerosol and when deposited on snow and ice surface because of its strong light absorption. This paper presents measurements of elemental carbon (EC; a measurement-based definition of BC) in snow collected from western Siberia and northwestern European Russia during 2014, 2015 and 2016. The Russian Arctic is of great interest to the scientific community due to the large uncertainty of emission sources there. We have determined the major contributing sources of BC in snow in western Siberia and northwestern European Russia using a Lagrangian atmospheric transport model. For the first time, we use a recently developed feature that calculates deposition in backward (so-called retroplume) simulations allowing estimation of the specific locations of sources that contribute to the deposited mass

A thermodynamic unification of jamming

Fragile materials ranging from sand to fire-retardant to toothpaste are able to exhibit both solid and fluid-like properties across the jamming transition. Unlike ordinary fusion, systems of grains, foams and colloids jam and cease to flow under conditions that still remain unknown. Here we quantify jamming via a thermodynamic approach by accounting for the structural ageing and the shear-induced compressibility of dry sand. Specifically, the jamming threshold is defined using a non-thermal temperature that measures the 'fluffiness' of a granular mixture. The thermodynamic model, casted in terms of pressure, temperature and free-volume, also successfully predicts the entropic data of five molecular glasses. Notably, the predicted configurational entropy avoids the Kauzmann paradox entirely. Without any free parameters, the proposed equation-of-state also governs the mechanism of shear-banding and the associated features of shear-softening and thickness-invariance.Comment: 16 pgs double spaced. 4 figure

Quantitative visualization assessment of the vascular wall in patients with surgical pathology of the aortic valve, aorta and brachiocephalic arteries

Objective: Identification of the quantitative characteristics of changes in the arterial wall according to ultrasound, CT and MRI; development of the roadmap for the use of radiology diagnostic methods.Material and methods: 548 studies of 483 patients with atherosclerosis were analyzed (15 ultrasound studies, 483 – CTA and 50 – MRI). In the comparison group (n = 17) in patients without atherosclerosis, an analysis of MRI data of the aortic wall was performed. According to CTA, signs of atherosclerotic degeneration were assessed. According to the MRI data, indicators of aortic distensibility, Young’s modulus of the aortic wall (MPa), systolic distension of the aorta (ml), aortic wall enhancement index during contrast enhancement were calculated.Results: During the performance of ultrasound in all cases (n = 15), the analysis of the elastic properties of the aortic wall is difficult due to the artifact from calcification. Adverse CT signs of the occurrence of intraoperative vascular complications: the presence of an intraluminal thrombus, an uneven internal aortic contour of more than half of the circumference with an aortic wall thickness of more than 5 mm. According to MRI data in patients with atherosclerosis, aortic distensibility was reduced to 14.42 ± 2.95%, Young’s modulus for the aortic wall was 0.77 ± 0.26 MPa, the index of contrast enhancement of the aortic wall was 1.73 ± 0.5, the volume of systolic aortic distension was 11.48 ± 1.84 ml. In patients with vascular events in the perioperative period, systolic aortic dilatation was 9.2 ml.Conclusion: The signs which are expedient to consider when making a decision on surgical treatment have been identified. Significant limitations were identified in the assessment of elasticity by ultrasound. The wider use of MRI in atherosclerotic lesions looks promising

Origin of elemental carbon in snow from western Siberia and northwestern European Russia during winter–spring 2014, 2015 and 2016

Short-lived climate forcers have been proven important both for the climate and human health. In particular, black carbon (BC) is an important climate forcer both as an aerosol and when deposited on snow and ice surface because of its strong light absorption. This paper presents measurements of elemental carbon (EC; a measurement-based definition of BC) in snow collected from western Siberia and northwestern European Russia during 2014, 2015 and 2016. The Russian Arctic is of great interest to the scientific community due to the large uncertainty of emission sources there. We have determined the major contributing sources of BC in snow in western Siberia and northwestern European Russia using a Lagrangian atmospheric transport model. For the first time, we use a recently developed feature that calculates deposition in backward (so-called retroplume) simulations allowing estimation of the specific locations of sources that contribute to the deposited mass. EC concentrations in snow from western Siberia and northwestern European Russia were highly variable depending on the sampling location. Modelled BC and measured EC were moderately correlated (R = 0.53–0.83) and a systematic region-specific model underestimation was found. The model underestimated observations by 42 % (RMSE  =  49 ng g−1) in 2014, 48 % (RMSE  =  37 ng g−1) in 2015 and 27 % (RMSE  =  43 ng g−1) in 2016. For EC sampled in northwestern European Russia the underestimation by the model was smaller (fractional bias, FB  >  −100 %). In this region, the major sources were transportation activities and domestic combustion in Finland. When sampling shifted to western Siberia, the model underestimation was more significant (FB  <  −100 %). There, the sources included emissions from gas flaring as a major contributor to snow BC. The accuracy of the model calculations was also evaluated using two independent datasets of BC measurements in snow covering the entire Arctic. The model underestimated BC concentrations in snow especially for samples collected in springtime