1,809 research outputs found
Solving Cosmological Problems of Supersymmetric Axion Models in an Inflationary Universe
We revisit inflationary cosmology of axion models in the light of recent
developments on the inflaton decay in supergravity. We find that all the
cosmological difficulties, including gravitino, axino overproduction and
axionic isocurvature fluctuation, can be avoided if the saxion field has large
initial amplitude during inflation and decays before big-bang nucleosynthesis.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figure
Measuring the effective complexity of cosmological models
We introduce a statistical measure of the effective model complexity, called
the Bayesian complexity. We demonstrate that the Bayesian complexity can be
used to assess how many effective parameters a set of data can support and that
it is a useful complement to the model likelihood (the evidence) in model
selection questions. We apply this approach to recent measurements of cosmic
microwave background anisotropies combined with the Hubble Space Telescope
measurement of the Hubble parameter. Using mildly non-informative priors, we
show how the 3-year WMAP data improves on the first-year data by being able to
measure both the spectral index and the reionization epoch at the same time. We
also find that a non-zero curvature is strongly disfavored. We conclude that
although current data could constrain at least seven effective parameters, only
six of them are required in a scheme based on the Lambda-CDM concordance
cosmology.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, revised version accepted for publication in PRD,
updated with WMAP3 result
Statistical Properties of Exciton Fine Structure Splittings and Polarization Angles in Quantum Dot Ensembles
We propose an effective model to describe the statistical properties of
exciton fine structure splitting (FSS) and polarization angle of quantum dot
ensembles (QDEs). We derive the distributions of FSS and polarization angle for
QDEs and show that their statistical features can be fully characterized using
at most three independent measurable parameters. The effective model is
confirmed using atomistic pseudopotential calculations as well as experimental
measurements for several rather different QDEs. The model naturally addresses
three fundamental questions that are frequently encountered in theories and
experiments: (I) Why the probability of finding QDs with vanishing FSS is
generally very small? (II) Why FSS and polarization angle differ dramatically
from QD to QD? and (III) Is there any direct connection between FSS, optical
polarization and the morphology of QDs? The answers to these fundamental
questions yield a completely new physical picture for understanding optical
properties of QDEs.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
Neutrinos and Future Concordance Cosmologies
We review the free parameters in the concordance cosmology, and those which
might be added to this set as the quality of astrophysical data improves. Most
concordance parameters encode information about otherwise unexplored aspects of
high energy physics, up to the GUT scale via the "inflationary sector," and
possibly even the Planck scale in the case of dark energy. We explain how
neutrino properties may be constrained by future astrophysical measurements.
Conversely, future neutrino physics experiments which directly measure these
parameters will remove uncertainty from fits to astrophysical data, and improve
our ability to determine the global properties of our universe.Comment: Proceedings of paper given at Neutrino 2008 meeting (by RE
Communicating cosmology with multisensory metaphorical experiences
We present a novel approach to communicating abstract concepts in cosmology and astrophysics in a more accessible and inclusive manner. We describe an exhibit aiming at creating an immersive, multisensory metaphorical experience of an otherwise imperceptible physical phenomenon-dark matter. Human-Computer Interaction experts and physicists co-created a multisensory journey through dark matter by exploiting the latest advances in haptic and olfactory technology. We present the concept design of a pilot and a second, improved event, both held at the London Science Museum, including the practical setup of the multisensory dark matter experience, the delivery of sensory stimulation and preliminary insights from users' feedback
A robust estimate of the Milky Way mass from rotation curve data
We present a new estimate of the mass of the Milky Way, inferred via a Bayesian approach by making use of tracers of the circular velocity in the disk plane and stars in the stellar halo, as from the publicly available galkin compilation. We use the rotation curve method to determine the dark matter distribution and total mass under different assumptions for the dark matter profile, while the total stellar mass is constrained by surface stellar density and microlensing measurements. We also include uncertainties on the baryonic morphology via Bayesian model averaging, thus converting a potential source of systematic error into a more manageable statistical uncertainty. We evaluate the robustness of our result against various possible systematics, including rotation curve data selection, uncertainty on the Sun's velocity V0, dependence on the dark matter profile assumptions, and choice of priors. We find the Milky Way's dark matter virial mass to be log10M200DM/ Mo\u2d9 = 11.92+0.06-0.05(stat)\ub10.28\ub10.27(syst) (M200DM=8.3+1.2-0.9(stat)
71011 Mo\u2d9). We also apply our framework to Gaia DR2 rotation curve data and find good statistical agreement with the above results
Communicating cosmology with multisensory metaphorical experiences
We present a novel approach to communicating abstract concepts in cosmology and astrophysics in a more accessible and inclusive manner. We describe an exhibit aiming at creating an immersive, multisensory metaphorical experience of an otherwise imperceptible physical phenomenon-dark matter. Human-Computer Interaction experts and physicists co-created a multisensory journey through dark matter by exploiting the latest advances in haptic and olfactory technology. We present the concept design of a pilot and a second, improved event, both held at the London Science Museum, including the practical setup of the multisensory dark matter experience, the delivery of sensory stimulation and preliminary insights from users' feedback
Engineering of quantum dot photon sources via electro-elastic fields
The possibility to generate and manipulate non-classical light using the
tools of mature semiconductor technology carries great promise for the
implementation of quantum communication science. This is indeed one of the main
driving forces behind ongoing research on the study of semiconductor quantum
dots. Often referred to as artificial atoms, quantum dots can generate single
and entangled photons on demand and, unlike their natural counterpart, can be
easily integrated into well-established optoelectronic devices. However, the
inherent random nature of the quantum dot growth processes results in a lack of
control of their emission properties. This represents a major roadblock towards
the exploitation of these quantum emitters in the foreseen applications. This
chapter describes a novel class of quantum dot devices that uses the combined
action of strain and electric fields to reshape the emission properties of
single quantum dots. The resulting electro-elastic fields allow for control of
emission and binding energies, charge states, and energy level splittings and
are suitable to correct for the quantum dot structural asymmetries that usually
prevent these semiconductor nanostructures from emitting polarization-entangled
photons. Key experiments in this field are presented and future directions are
discussed.Comment: to appear as a book chapter in a compilation "Engineering the
Atom-Photon Interaction" published by Springer in 2015, edited by A.
Predojevic and M. W. Mitchel
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) effect on the growth of Solanum lycopersicum cv. Roma plants
This study shows the direct effect of atmospheric particulate matter on plant growth. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants were grown for 18. d directly on PM10 collected on quartz fiber filters. Organic and elemental carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contents were analyzed on all the tested filters. The toxicity indicators (i.e., seed germination, root elongation, shoot and/or fresh root weight, chlorophyll and carotenoids content) were quantified to study the negative and/or positive effects in the plants via root uptake. Substantial differences were found in the growth of the root apparatus with respect to that of the control plants. A 17-58% decrease of primary root elongation, a large amount of secondary roots and a decrease in shoot (32%) and root (53-70%) weights were found. Quantitative analysis of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) indicated that an oxidative burst in response to abiotic stress occurred in roots directly grown on PM10, and this detrimental effect was also confirmed by the findings on the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll-to-carotenoid ratio
Flat Tree-level Inflationary Potentials in Light of CMB and LSS Data
We use cosmic microwave background and large scale structure data to test a
broad and physically well-motivated class of inflationary models: those with
flat tree-level potentials (typical in supersymmetry). The non-trivial features
of the potential arise from radiative corrections which give a simple
logarithmic dependence on the inflaton field, making the models very
predictive. We also consider a modified scenario with new physics beyond a
certain high-energy cut-off showing up as non-renormalizable operators (NRO) in
the inflaton field. We find that both kinds of models fit remarkably well CMB
and LSS data, with very few free parameters. Besides, a large part of these
models naturally predict a reasonable number of e-folds. A robust feature of
these scenarios is the smallness of tensor perturbations (r < 10^{-3}). The NRO
case can give a sizeable running of the spectral index while achieving a
sufficient number of e-folds. We use Bayesian model comparison tools to assess
the relative performance of the models. We believe that these scenarios can be
considered as a standard physical class of inflationary models, on a similar
footing with monomial potentials.Comment: 42 LaTeX pages, 8 figure
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