9,146 research outputs found
The forester\u27s dilemma : paradoxes in the criteria and indicators for sustainable forestry
Since sustainable forestry is a complex endeavor, paradoxes naturally exist in the certification criteria and indicators. There are different ways to establish the sustainability horizon and alternative harvest profiles that, although sustainable, may not meet specific criteria. The application of historic range of variation data and criteria must confront issues of time and spatial scales as well as how much human disturbance is natural. Defining “local” in the bioregional context is important for addressing socioeconomic criteria. The forester’s ability to deal with the self-contradictions in the criteria and indicators of sustainable forestry will improve with experience in the certification process
Screened Coulomb potentials for astrophysical nuclear fusion reactions
The electron-screening acceleration of laboratory fusion reactions at
astrophysical energies is an unsolved problem of great importance to
astrophysics. That effect is modeled here by considering the fusion of
hydrogen-like atoms whose electron probability density is used in Poisson's
equation in order to derive the corresponding screened Coulomb potential
energy. That way atomic excitations and deformations of the fusing atoms can be
taken into account. Those potentials are then treated semiclassically in order
to obtain the screening (accelerating) factor of the reaction. By means of the
proposed model the effect of a superstrong magnetic field on laboratory
Hydrogen fusion reactions is investigated here for the first time showing that,
despite the considerable increase in the cross section of the reaction,
the reaction is still too slow to justify experimentation. The proposed
model is finally applied on the fusion reaction describing
satisfactorily the experimental data although some ambiguity remains regarding
the molecular nature of the deuteron target. Notably, the present method gives
a sufficiently high screening energy for Hydrogen fusion reactions so that the
take-away energy of the spectator nucleus can also be taken into account.Comment: 11 (RevTex) pages + 3 ps figures. Accepted for publication in
Eur.Phys.J.
The Federal Reserve's role in the payments mechanism and it's communication patterns
An abstract for this article is not available.Federal Reserve System ; Electronic funds transfers ; Payment systems
Determiner spreading as DP-predication
Determiner Spreading (DS) occurs in adjectivally modified nominal phrases comprising more than one definite article, a phenomenon that has received considerable attention and has been extensively described in Greek. This paper discusses the syntactic properties of DS in detail and argues that DS structures are both arguments and predication configurations involving two DPs. This account successfully captures the word-order facts and the distinctive interpretation of DS, while also laying the groundwork towards unifying it with other structures linking two DPs in a predicative relation
Ion-beam nitriding of steels
A surface of a steel substrate is nitrided without external heating by exposing it to a beam of nitrogen ions under low pressure, a pressure much lower than that employed for ion-nitriding. An ion source is used instead of a glow discharge. Both of these features reduce the introduction of impurities into the substrate surface
Oblique Long Waves on Beach and Induced Longshore Current
This study considers the 3D runup of long waves on a uniform beach of constant or variable downward slope that is connected to an open ocean of uniform depth. An inviscid linear long-wave theory is applied to obtain the fundamental solution for a uniform train of sinusoidal waves obliquely incident upon a uniform beach of variable downward slope without wave breaking. For waves at nearly grazing incidence, runup is significant only for the waves in a set of eigenmodes being trapped within the beach at resonance with the exterior ocean waves. Fourier synthesis is employed to analyze a solitary wave and a train of cnoidal waves obliquely incident upon a sloping beach, with the nonlinear and dispersive effects neglected at this stage. Comparison is made between the present theory and the ray theory to ascertain a criterion of validity. The wave-induced longshore current is evaluated by finding the Stokes drift of the fluid particles carried by the momentum of the waves obliquely incident upon a sloping beach. Currents of significant velocities are produced by waves at incidence angles about 45 [degrees] and by grazing waves trapped on the beach. Also explored are the effects of the variable downward slope and curvature of a uniform beach on 3D runup and reflection of long waves
Weakly screened thermonuclear reactions in astrophysical plasmas: Improving Salpeter's model
This paper presents a detailed study of the electron degeneracy and nonlinear
screening effects which play a crucial role in the validity of Salpeter's
weak-screening model. The limitations of that model are investigated and an
improved one is proposed which can take into account nonlinear screening
effects. Its application to the solar pp reaction derives an accurate screening
enhancement factor and provides a very reliable estimation of the associated
neutrino flux uncertanties.Comment: 23 RevTex pages + 4 ps figures. (No revision,just adding URL link).
Accepted for publication in Europ.Phys.J.A. See
http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10105/index.ht
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