Ancaman Fenomena Perkosaan Korektif terhadap Human Security di Afrika Selatan

Abstract  One of the most problematic problems faced by South African Lesbians is corrective rape phenomenon. This action is done by particular people to cure and make them being real South African Women. Real South African Woman is when a woman turns to be heterosexual, a mother and taking care of children. It is believed that it is not a humanisctic action and threats the lesbian security. As an unsolved problem, lesbian is being alienated when it occurs. Lesbian cannot access security because government does not consider this problem seriously. In fact, South Africa is one of the most progressive countries in glorifying human right idea. It is proven by 1996 South African Constitution which forbids discrimination based on personal identity preferences, especially sexual orientation. In this case, this study will analyze threats of corrective rape phenomenon toward human security, specifically lesbians by using liberal feminist theory. It is more interesting to use the theory because this phenomenon relates to gender-based violence which becomes the concern of feminists. The analysis is about how it can happen. It uses government points of view on how government works in practical level leading to that process.&nbsp

Effects of everolimus on cytokines, oxidative stress, and renal histology in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney

Background. To evaluate the effects of everolimus on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Methods. Wistar albino rats were divided into control, ischemia-reperfusion (IR), and ischemia-reperfusioneverolimus (IReve) groups. Everolimus was administered for seven consecutive days to the IReve group prior to injury. IR and IReve groups underwent forty-five minutes ischemia followed by the application of reperfusion at 2 and 24 hours. Blood samples and kidneys were taken from all animals. Results. Serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels increased at two hours of reperfusion in the IR and IReve groups, and decreased at 24 hours of reperfusion in the IR group. In the IReve group, we detected significantly high interleukin-6 levels and low tumor necrosis factor-? and malondialdehyde levels at 24 hours. Myeloperoxidase levels increased at two hours of reperfusion in the IReve group, but decreased significantly at 24 hours. Everolimus did not improve renal tubular and interstitial injuries in renal IRI. Conclusions. It has been demonstrated that pretreatment with everolimus has beneficial effects on cytokines and oxidative stress in renal IRI. However, these effects are insufficient for the correction of histopathological changes and restoration of normal kidney function. © 2009 Informa UK, Ltd